Category: People

Amiel Weeks Whipple

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Amiel Weeks Whipple (October 21, 1817 – May 7, 1863)
Amiel Weeks Whipple (October 21, 1817 – May 7, 1863)

Amiel Weeks Whipple (October 21, 1817 – May 7, 1863) was an American military officer, topographical engineer, and surveyor in the U.S. Army’s Corps of Topographical Engineers. He is best known for major boundary and railroad-route surveys in the American Southwest, including work that touched on the Colorado River’s potential for navigation, and for his service as a Union general in the Civil War, where he was mortally wounded.

Early Life and Education

Whipple was born in Greenwich, Massachusetts, to David Whipple and Abigail Brown (Pepper) Whipple. He spent part of his youth in Concord, Massachusetts, where his father operated an inn. After teaching school in Concord, he applied to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point but was initially rejected. He attended Amherst College briefly before gaining admission to West Point in 1837. He graduated fifth in the class of 1841 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the First Artillery, transferring shortly afterward to the Topographical Engineers.

He married Eleanor Mary Sherburne of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on September 12, 1843. The couple had several children.

Early Career and Boundary Surveys

Whipple’s early assignments involved hydrographic and trigonometrical surveys, including the Patapsco River in Maryland, approaches to New Orleans, and Portsmouth Harbor, New Hampshire. From 1844 to 1849 he worked on the northeastern U.S.–British boundary survey.

After the Mexican–American War, he joined the United States Boundary Commission surveying the new U.S.–Mexico border under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. He served as interim chief surveyor at times and worked along the Gila River to the Colorado River and Pacific coast amid extreme desert conditions and other hardships. He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1851 and completed his boundary reports by 1853. During this period he interacted with Indigenous groups along the Colorado and Gila rivers; one well-documented act of kindness toward a young Yuma (Quechan) girl in 1849 later helped ease tensions during a subsequent visit.

The 35th Parallel Railroad Survey and the Colorado River

In 1853 Congress authorized the Pacific Railroad Surveys to identify viable transcontinental routes. Whipple commanded the expedition along the 35th parallel from Fort Smith, Arkansas, to Los Angeles. The party of about 70 men (soldiers, teamsters, and scientists, including botanist John Milton Bigelow, geologist Jules Marcou, and artist Balduin Möllhausen) left Fort Smith in July 1853. They traveled through present-day Oklahoma, the Texas Panhandle, and New Mexico, reaching Albuquerque in October. Guided in part by frontiersman Antoine Leroux and later by Mohave scouts, they crossed difficult terrain in what is now Arizona, reached the Colorado River near the mouth of Bill Williams Fork in early 1854, and made a challenging, near-disastrous crossing. The expedition continued across the Mojave Desert and arrived in Los Angeles in March 1854.

Whipple’s party ascended the Colorado roughly 50 miles. He observed that the river (at the higher stage he encountered) appeared navigable for light-draft steamers. This assessment, noted in official reports and later referenced by Lieutenant Joseph C. Ives in his own Colorado River exploration (1857–1858), contributed to growing interest in the river as a transportation corridor. Commercial steamboat operations on the lower Colorado had already begun in 1852 with vessels such as the Uncle Sam to supply Fort Yuma and support mining and settlement; Whipple’s observations reinforced the view that steam navigation was feasible farther upstream and helped inform later military and commercial efforts.

The expedition’s results appeared in the multi-volume Pacific Railroad Reports. Whipple’s contributions included topographic data, ethnographic notes on Southwestern tribes, and scientific collections. Although a full transcontinental railroad did not follow the entire 35th-parallel route, portions influenced later wagon roads and rail lines (including segments near the modern Santa Fe route). Place names associated with the survey and region include Fort Whipple (Arizona Territory, established 1863 near present-day Prescott and later a key post supplied in part via Colorado River steamboats and overland roads), the Whipple Mountains, and various botanical and zoological taxa (e.g., the genus Whipplea and species such as Hesperoyucca whipplei).

Later Pre-War Service

Promoted to captain in 1855, Whipple supervised lighthouse districts and channel improvements on the Great Lakes (St. Clair Flats and St. Marys River), work that facilitated navigation by larger vessels.

Civil War Service and Death

At the outbreak of the Civil War, Whipple served as a topographical engineer under Generals Irvin McDowell and George B. McClellan, producing maps used in Virginia campaigns and briefly overseeing early balloon reconnaissance. He was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers in 1862, commanded defenses of Washington, D.C., south of the Potomac, and led a division in the III Corps at Fredericksburg (December 1862). On May 4, 1863, while supervising earthworks at the Battle of Chancellorsville, he was mortally wounded by a Confederate sharpshooter’s bullet. He received last rites on the field, was taken to Washington, and died on May 7. President Abraham Lincoln (a personal acquaintance) signed his promotion to major general of volunteers just before his death; additional brevets followed posthumously. He was buried in Proprietors’ Cemetery, Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

Legacy and Role Regarding Colorado River Steamships

Whipple was never a commercial steamboat captain; the “Captain” title refers to his Army rank. His principal connection to Colorado River steamships was as a surveyor whose 1853–1854 observations supported the practicality of light-draft steam navigation on portions of the river. This assessment formed part of the body of knowledge that encouraged and guided the expansion of steamboat traffic (primarily by companies such as George A. Johnson & Co. and later the Colorado Steam Navigation Company) that carried military supplies, miners, settlers, and freight on the lower Colorado from the 1850s until the early 20th century, when dams and railroads ended the era. Fort Whipple, named in his honor shortly after his death, depended on those river supply lines during Arizona Territory’s formative years.

Whipple is remembered as a meticulous topographical engineer whose surveys advanced geographic knowledge of the Southwest, contributed to boundary settlement and transportation planning, and left an ethnographic and scientific record of lasting value.

Thomas Leiper Kane

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Thomas Leiper Kane (January 27, 1822 – December 26, 1883)
Thomas Leiper Kane (January 27, 1822 – December 26, 1883)

Thomas Leiper Kane (January 27, 1822 – December 26, 1883) was an American lawyer, abolitionist, philanthropist, and Union Army officer best known as a lifelong non-Mormon friend, advocate, and mediator for members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (often called Mormons). He was not a Mormon convert or a Utah settler; he remained outside the faith while providing crucial political, diplomatic, and public-relations support during key crises in the church’s history. Kane County, Utah, and the early Iowa settlement of Kanesville (near present-day Council Bluffs) were named in his honor.

Early Life and Background

Kane was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the second son of John Kintzing Kane (a prominent federal judge and politician) and Jane Duval Leiper Kane. He came from a well-connected family of Irish and Scottish descent. After education in Philadelphia and some study in England, he read law under his father and was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1846. He briefly served as a clerk in his father’s court but resigned around 1850 over moral opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act. He was active in reform causes, including abolition (with involvement in the Underground Railroad), opposition to capital punishment, prison reform, women’s rights, and educational initiatives.

Introduction to the Latter-day Saints (1846)

Kane first encountered the Saints in May 1846 in Philadelphia, where he attended a conference organized by Jesse C. Little, the church’s eastern representative. Learning of the forced expulsion of the Mormons from Nauvoo, Illinois, and their difficult westward migration, Kane used his family’s political connections to help. He met with President James K. Polk and other officials, helping arrange the enlistment of the Mormon Battalion (about 500 volunteers) for the Mexican-American War. The battalion’s pay provided vital funds for the impoverished refugees.

Kane traveled west to the Mormon camps along the Missouri River in Iowa Territory. He assisted with recruitment, visited scattered settlements, and publicly defended the Saints against hostile reports. Impressed by their loyalty and suffering, he became a committed advocate. In recognition, the Saints renamed one of their Iowa settlements Kane (later Kanesville). In September 1846, Patriarch John Smith gave Kane a patriarchal blessing that he valued highly throughout his life.

Advocacy and the Utah War

Throughout the 1850s Kane worked to improve the public image of the Saints and secure favorable federal treatment. In 1850 he delivered an influential lecture, The Mormons, before the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, describing their history and the desolation of abandoned Nauvoo. His influence helped secure Brigham Young’s appointment as the first governor of Utah Territory under President Millard Fillmore. Kane declined an offer to serve as territorial governor himself, preferring that Young hold the post. He also supported efforts toward Utah statehood.

His most famous service came during the Utah War (1857–1858). Amid exaggerated reports of Mormon rebellion, President James Buchanan ordered a large U.S. Army force (Johnston’s Army) to Utah. Kane volunteered as an unofficial mediator, traveling under the alias “Dr. Osborne” via a long southern route (through Panama and California) to reach Salt Lake City in early 1858. He negotiated with Brigham Young and the new federally appointed governor, Alfred Cumming, helping persuade Young to accept Cumming and avoid armed resistance. The peaceful resolution averted bloodshed and is often credited in large part to Kane’s diplomacy.

Civil War Service and Later Life

At the outbreak of the Civil War, Kane organized and led the 1st Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment (the “Bucktails”), a noted sharpshooter unit. He rose to the rank of brigadier general of volunteers and received a brevet promotion to major general for gallantry at the Battle of Gettysburg (1863). Wounds and illness forced his resignation. After the war he settled in northwestern Pennsylvania, where he helped found the town of Kane and engaged in land development, railroads, oil, and civic affairs. He continued corresponding with Brigham Young and other church leaders, offering counsel on political and legal matters.

In the winter of 1872–1873, in poor health, Kane, his wife Elizabeth Dennistoun Wood Kane, and two of their sons visited Utah at Brigham Young’s invitation. They traveled with Young to St. George in southern Utah, where the milder climate improved Kane’s health. Elizabeth later published Twelve Mormon Homes (1874), a valuable firsthand account of Mormon domestic life. Kane returned briefly to Utah in 1877 after Young’s death.

Personal Life and Death

Kane married Elizabeth Dennistoun Wood in 1853; they had several children. Though raised in a Presbyterian family, he did not formally join any church. He remained a steadfast friend of the Saints until the end. He died of pneumonia in Philadelphia on December 26, 1883 (some sources list the 27th), after caring for an injured son. Among his last concerns were messages of affection for his “Mormon friends.”

Legacy

Kane is remembered in Mormon history as one of the most important non-member allies of the 19th century—an “outrider for Zion.” His mediation during the Utah War, defense of religious liberty, and long friendship with Brigham Young left a lasting mark. A statue of him stands in the Utah State Capitol, and the LDS Church maintains a memorial chapel in Kane, Pennsylvania. His papers and correspondence remain important sources for historians of the American West and the Latter-day Saint movement.

Arthur Powell Davis

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Arthur Powell Davis (February 9, 1861 – August 7, 1933)
Arthur Powell Davis (February 9, 1861 – August 7, 1933)

Arthur Powell Davis (February 9, 1861 – August 7, 1933) was an American civil engineer, hydrographer, topographer, and geographer who played a pivotal role in the early 20th-century development of water resources in the American West. As Director of the U.S. Reclamation Service (predecessor to the Bureau of Reclamation) from 1914 to 1923, he was a leading architect of comprehensive federal plans to control and develop the Colorado River. He is widely regarded as a key conceptual founder of the Boulder Canyon Project (which produced Hoover Dam) and broader multipurpose river-basin development.

Early Life and Education

Davis was born on a farm near Decatur, Illinois, the nephew of the famed explorer and geologist John Wesley Powell (leader of the 1869 Colorado River expedition through the Grand Canyon). His family connections and early exposure to the West shaped his career. He attended local schools and Kansas State Normal School before earning a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering from Columbian University (now George Washington University) in Washington, D.C., in 1888.

He married Elizabeth (Preston/Brown) Davis in 1888; they had several daughters. He co-founded the National Geographic Society in 1888 and later held leadership roles in engineering societies. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1921) and the American Philosophical Society (1927).

Early Career with the U.S. Geological Survey

Through his uncle’s influence, Davis joined the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as an assistant topographer around 1882–1884. He worked extensively in the Rocky Mountain region and the Southwest (New Mexico, Arizona, and California), gaining firsthand knowledge of arid lands and the Colorado River Basin. He advanced to topographer and, by 1895, to hydrographer in charge of government stream measurements.

His early international work included hydrographic examinations of potential Nicaragua and Panama Canal routes (late 1890s–early 1900s). He later consulted on irrigation and flood control in Puerto Rico, China, Turkestan (under both Tsarist and Soviet governments), and other regions, and contributed to Panama Canal studies.

Leadership in the Reclamation Service

Davis joined the newly created Reclamation Service (established under the 1902 Reclamation Act) early in its history. He rose to Chief Engineer around 1906–1908 and was appointed Director on December 10, 1914, succeeding Frederick Haynes Newell. He held the post until the agency’s name changed to the Bureau of Reclamation on June 18, 1923; he retired the next day.

Under his leadership the Service built major irrigation and storage works, including the Roosevelt Dam (Salt River), Shoshone and Arrowrock dams (each the world’s tallest at the time of completion), Elephant Butte Dam (Rio Grande), the Gunnison Tunnel, and the Strawberry Tunnel. He was among the first to strongly advocate multipurpose dams in which hydroelectric power generation would help amortize overall project costs—a principle that became central to later federal water development.

Role in Controlling and Developing the Colorado River

Davis’s most enduring contribution was his long-term vision for the Colorado River. Influenced by his uncle’s explorations and his own surveys, he recognized the river’s interstate and international character (flowing through seven U.S. states and into Mexico) and argued that only the federal government could coordinate its development at the necessary scale.

As early as 1902 he publicly called for the “gradual comprehensive development of the Colorado River by a series of large storage reservoirs,” with a high dam on the lower river as the keystone. He promoted basin-wide planning for flood control, irrigation storage, domestic water supply, and power generation rather than fragmented local projects.

In 1922, during his directorship, the Reclamation Service produced the influential report Problems of Imperial Valley and Vicinity (Senate Document 142, 67th Congress), commonly known as the Fall-Davis Report (after Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall and Davis). It examined reservoir sites, justified a high dam in the Boulder Canyon area, analyzed water supply and needs, and provided foundational data used by the Colorado River Compact Commission. The report and Davis’s advocacy helped frame the river’s problems as national in scope and laid groundwork for the Boulder Canyon Project Act and construction of Hoover (originally Boulder) Dam. Contemporaries, including engineers involved in the project, later called him the “father of the Boulder Canyon Project.”

Davis opposed purely local or piecemeal schemes (such as an early standalone All-American Canal proposal) when they conflicted with a coordinated multipurpose federal plan. His emphasis on power revenues to support large storage dams helped make ambitious Colorado River projects financially and politically viable. Shortly before his death he was appointed consulting engineer on the Boulder Dam project. Davis Dam (completed later on the lower Colorado, downstream from Hoover Dam) was named in his honor.

Later Years and Legacy

After leaving the Reclamation Service, Davis served as chief engineer and general manager of the East Bay Municipal Utility District in the Oakland, California, area (roughly 1923–1930). He also worked as a consulting engineer on irrigation projects in the Soviet Union (Turkestan and Transcaucasia) in the early 1930s.

He died in Oakland on August 7, 1933, at age 72 and was buried in Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, D.C., alongside his wife.

Davis combined technical expertise, bureaucratic skill, and a progressive-era faith in expert-led federal action and efficiency. While he did not live to see Hoover Dam completed, his early vision, surveys, advocacy for multipurpose development, and the Fall-Davis Report were instrumental in transforming the Colorado River from an uncontrolled, flood-prone waterway into a managed system of storage, power, and irrigation infrastructure that shaped the modern American Southwest.

George Alexander Grant

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George A. Grant on horseback with camera equipment at Old Faithful, Yellowstone NP, in 1933 NPS photo
George A. Grant on horseback with camera equipment at Old Faithful, Yellowstone NP, in 1933
NPS photo

George Alexander Grant (March 4, 1891 – 1964) was an American photographer who served as the first official staff photographer and later the first Chief Photographer of the U.S. National Park Service (NPS). Over a 25-year career (1929–1954), he produced an estimated 30,000–40,000 images documenting national parks, monuments, historic sites, battlefields, landscapes, architecture, staff, Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) work, and public use of the parks. Though millions of people have seen his photographs, they were almost always credited only to the National Park Service rather than to him by name, leaving him relatively obscure compared with contemporaries such as Ansel Adams.

Early Life and Path to Photography

Grant was born in Milton, Pennsylvania, and grew up in nearby Sunbury. After high school he worked a series of manufacturing and factory jobs. In 1912 he became a master craftsman and metalsmith at the Roycroft Community in East Aurora, New York, a center of the Arts and Crafts movement known for high-quality furnishings and architectural pieces.

With U.S. entry into World War I in 1917, he enlisted in the Army and was stationed at Fort D.A. Russell in Cheyenne, Wyoming, for artillery training. The western landscapes made a lasting impression. After his discharge in 1918 he returned to Pennsylvania and took construction and factory work, while writing to Yellowstone National Park about ranger positions. His persistence paid off in 1922 when Yellowstone Superintendent Horace M. Albright (impressed by Grant’s military background and Wyoming experience) offered him a seasonal ranger job at $80 per month.

That summer, at age 31, Grant taught himself photography (it is unclear whether he brought a camera or acquired one at the park). He photographed park scenes in his spare time; Albright encouraged the work. At season’s end Grant was offered a permanent ranger position, but a horseback accident had shaken his confidence in the physical demands of backcountry work, and winter photographic opportunities were limited. He declined the full-time ranger role and instead pursued photography training.

In early 1923 he took photography courses in New York City, then worked for four years as a photographer (and photography instructor) at Pennsylvania State College (now Penn State University). Throughout this period he maintained correspondence with Albright and other NPS officials, advocating for the creation of a dedicated photographer position.

NPS Career

In 1927 a photography position was approved in principle; Grant resigned from Penn State, bought equipment, and traveled west, photographing parks such as Yosemite and Sequoia and offering images free of charge. Funding did not materialize for the 1928 budget. In early 1929, after Albright became NPS Director (succeeding the ailing Stephen Mather) and outside funding was secured for 18 months by Chief Naturalist Ansel Hall, Grant was hired on April 8, 1929, as the NPS’s first staff photographer. He was based at the Educational Division headquarters at the University of California, Berkeley.

His first field season involved extensive travel across the West and Southwest, photographing more than a dozen parks. In November 1929 he presented on the value of photography at the first Park Naturalists Conference in Berkeley. In 1931 he was promoted to Chief Photographer and transferred to Washington, D.C.

Grant’s workload expanded dramatically after Franklin D. Roosevelt’s inauguration and the 1933 executive order that transferred numerous national monuments, historic sites, and battlefields to the NPS, nearly doubling the system. He extensively documented CCC projects in the parks (roads, trails, buildings, and daily camp life) as well as surveys for proposed parks and parkways, including the Great Smoky Mountains (1931), the Natchez Trace Parkway route (1934), southern Arizona and Sonora, Mexico (1935), Big Bend in Texas (1936), and the North Cascades in Washington (1937). He used large-format cameras (including 5×7 and 8×10 view cameras) and traveled roughly 140,000 miles over his career, often in a Park Service vehicle he called the “hearse,” on roads that were frequently unpaved.

His subjects ranged from dramatic landscapes and geological features to flora, fauna, cultural resources, architecture, staff and visitor activities, and historic artifacts. Later major work included documentation for the Missouri River Basin Project (Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program) in the late 1940s–early 1950s, recording sites and artifacts threatened by reservoir inundation.

Grant remained a lifelong bachelor. He spent holidays and vacations visiting family in Pennsylvania and his younger brother’s family in Snow Hill, Maryland.

One of the many pear trees at abandoned village of Duncan, Utah. Mormon settlement 1862-1905 PhotoL George A. Grant
One of the many pear trees at abandoned village of Duncan, Utah. Mormon settlement 1862-1905 PhotoL
George A. Grant
Village of Grafton, Utah, across the Virgin River. Once center of farming area. Showing washed out banks along river where farms once stood. Photo: NPS; George Alexander Grant
George A. Grant on horseback with camera equipment at Old Faithful, Yellowstone NP, in 1933
NPS photo

Retirement, Recognition, and Legacy

Budget constraints ended the chief photographer position in 1954; Grant retired after 25 years. He received the NPS Meritorious Service Award. After his death in 1964 he was designated an “Eminent Photographer” by the National Park Service—a recognition given to those who created substantial bodies of work documenting the parks and the agency.

Only about 10% of his images were published during his lifetime, yet they appeared widely in magazines, newspapers, textbooks, guidebooks, exhibits, brochures, and government offices, helping introduce many Americans to distant parks and supporting the NPS mission of education, promotion, and preservation. His photographs are preserved in the National Park Service Historic Photograph Collection and continue to be used for research, interpretation, and public information. A major modern reassessment came with Ren and Helen Davis’s 2015 book Landscapes for the People: George Alexander Grant, First Chief Photographer of the National Park Service (University of Georgia Press), which brought renewed attention to his skill in composition, lighting, and patient fieldwork, and to his role as an “unknown elder” of American landscape photography.

Grant’s quiet persistence, technical mastery, and vast documentary record made him a foundational visual chronicler of the National Park System during its period of major expansion and institutional maturation.

Chapman Duncan

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Chapman Duncan (July 1, 1812 – December 22, 1900)
Chapman Duncan (July 1, 1812 – December 22, 1900)

Chapman Duncan (July 1, 1812 – December 22, 1900) was an early Latter-day Saint pioneer, missionary, and colonizer whose brief settlement attempt in southern Utah gave the name to the ghost town of Duncan’s Retreat in Washington County.

Early Life and Conversion

Duncan was born in Bath, Grafton County, New Hampshire, to John Duncan and Betsey Taylor Putnam. His family later lived in Barnet, Vermont. In 1830, at about age 18 and suffering from poor health (he later recalled consumption), he left home intending to travel to South America for recovery. While on the Ohio River, he experienced what he described as a spiritual impression directing him instead toward the gathering place of the Latter-day Saints. He arrived in Independence, Missouri, in late 1831 and was baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in December 1833 (some accounts say late 1831) by Titus Billings and confirmed by Bishop Edward Partridge.

He lived through the Missouri persecutions, including events in Jackson County and at Far West and Adam-ondi-Ahman. He worked various jobs (farming, clerking, teaching school, hat-making), was ordained a teacher and later an elder, and participated in the Kirtland Temple endowment. He also served in Joseph Smith’s 1844 presidential campaign mission in Virginia.

Marriages and Family

Duncan married Rebecca Rose on May 21 (or the first Monday in May), 1838, in the Far West area of Missouri. She and two young children died in the Montrose, Iowa, area in the mid-1840s. He then married Lockey (or Lauratha/Lorthy/Martha) Jones on March 12, 1846, in Burke’s Garden, Tazewell County, Virginia. They had children including Emily Deseret Duncan (born in Utah Territory). Secondary sources also record a later marriage to Rosanna Taylor on August 23, 1862, with children Taylor and Becky (or Rosilla). He reportedly adopted a Native American boy named Charles Litt.

Pioneer Trek and Utah Settlement

Duncan crossed the plains to the Salt Lake Valley in 1848 with the Willard Richards / Amasa Lyman / Barney Adams company (arriving around October 16–17), serving as captain of a ten. He and his brother Homer initially lived in the Big Cottonwood area. He helped colonize Iron County (appearing in the 1850 census in Parowan/Cedar City area as a farmer) and was involved in early Iron Mission efforts. Some secondary accounts list him as a Mormon Battalion member, though primary muster rolls do not clearly confirm this.

Missions

Duncan served missions in Vermont, Virginia, and China. In late 1852 he was called with Hosea Stout and James Lewis to open missionary work in China. They sailed from San Francisco in March 1853 and arrived in Hong Kong on April 28. Civil unrest (the Taiping Rebellion), language barriers, limited funds, and local resistance restricted their efforts largely to Hong Kong. They left in June 1853 after less than two months. He returned to the United States by August 1853. In 1857 he traveled again as company chaplain with the Chester Loveland company.

Duncan’s Retreat

In 1861, as part of Brigham Young’s “Utah’s Dixie” cotton-growing initiative, Duncan settled with Alma Minnerly and a few others on Mukuntuweap Creek (a Virgin River tributary) about three miles east of present-day Virgin, Washington County, near what is now Zion National Park. The Great Flood of 1862 destroyed much of the farmland and settlement (as it did nearby Grafton). Duncan and most original settlers left early that year, selling claims to later arrivals including William Theobald, Joseph Wright, and others. Remaining residents named the place Duncan’s Retreat.

A local legend claims Duncan’s departure was hastened by a surveying error: he allegedly laid out a canal from the Virgin River that ran uphill when dug, prompting his “retreat.” Versions place the botched survey at Virgin or Rockville. The settlement later grew to about 70 people by the end of 1862, with a post office (1863), schoolhouse (1864), and LDS meetinghouse. It produced cotton, corn, wheat, and sorghum in good years but suffered repeated floods and was evacuated during the Black Hawk War (1866). It was largely abandoned by 1891–1895 and is now a ghost town with scant remains (a few graves, including that of Nancy Ferguson Ott, an old ditch, and dead fruit trees) along Utah State Route 9.

Later Life and Death

Duncan continued pioneering and community work in southern and central Utah (including areas around Cedar City, St. George/Washington County, and later Wayne County). Contemporary accounts describe him as generous—giving away livestock to those in need—and steadfast in his faith despite hardships, mob violence, and frontier challenges. He died December 22, 1900, in Loa (or nearby Cainsville), Utah, at age 88 and is buried in Lyman Cemetery, Wayne County.

Duncan left an autobiography/reminiscences covering much of his early life (to the mid-1840s/early Utah period), preserved in Church and university collections. His descendants lived primarily in Utah. He is remembered mainly for his role in the short-lived Duncan’s Retreat settlement and as a representative early Utah pioneer and missionary.