Category: Photographers

Mary Edith Fly

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Mary Edith “Mollie” Fly (c. 1847–1925) was a pioneering American photographer who, with her husband Camillus “Buck” Fly, documented life in Tombstone, Arizona, during its 1880s silver-mining boom. Born in the U.S. and raised in San Francisco, she married Buck in 1879 and moved to Tombstone, where they established Fly’s Photography Gallery. Mollie managed the studio and boarding house, taking portraits of residents while Buck captured historic images, including Geronimo’s 1886 surrender. Despite personal challenges, including Buck’s alcoholism and their separations, Mollie ran the studio solo after his 1901 death until 1912. She donated their negatives to the Smithsonian and retired to Los Angeles. Inducted into the Arizona Women’s Hall of Fame in 1989, Mollie’s work preserved a vivid record of Tombstone’s frontier era.

Mary ("Mollie") Goodrich Fly was a photographer who married photographer C.S. Fly in San Francisco. They arrived in Tombstone, Arizona Territory in December 1879 where they established a photography business and boarding house.
Mary (“Mollie”) Goodrich Fly was a photographer who married photographer C.S. Fly in San Francisco. They arrived in Tombstone, Arizona Territory in December 1879 where they established a photography business and boarding house.

Early Life and Background

Mary Edith McKie, known as Mollie Fly, was born around 1847, likely in the United States, though details of her early life remain scarce. In the late 1850s, her family relocated to San Francisco, California, where she spent her formative years. Little is documented about her education or how she acquired her photographic skills, a rarity for women in the mid-19th century. Mollie married twice; her first marriage to Samuel D. Goodrich ended in divorce after two years. In 1879, she married Camillus Sidney “Buck” Fly, a photographer, in San Francisco, marking the beginning of their shared professional and personal journey. The couple later adopted a daughter, Kitty Fly.

Arrival in Tombstone and Establishment of Fly’s Photography Gallery

C. S. Fly's Photography Gallery, Tombstone, Arizona
C. S. Fly’s Photography Gallery, Tombstone, Arizona

In December 1879, Mollie and Buck arrived in Tombstone, Arizona Territory, during its silver-mining boom, when the town was rapidly growing into one of the American frontier’s last boomtowns. They initially set up a temporary photography studio in a tent, capitalizing on the influx of miners, merchants, and adventurers. By July 1880, they had constructed a 12-room boarding house at 312 Fremont Street, which included their permanent studio, known as Fly’s Photography Gallery, at the back. Mollie played a pivotal role in managing both the boarding house and the studio, especially when Buck was away on photographic expeditions. As one of the few female photographers of the era, she took studio portraits for 35 cents each, capturing the diverse faces of Tombstone’s residents, from miners to merchants.

Role in Recording Tombstone’s Events

Mollie’s contributions to documenting Tombstone’s history were significant, though often overshadowed by her husband’s more publicized work. The Flys’ studio was strategically located near the site of the infamous Gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 26, 1881, one of the most iconic events in Old West history. Buck was an eyewitness to the shootout, which occurred just outside their studio, and reportedly disarmed a dying Billy Clanton while armed with a Henry rifle. Curiously, no photographs of the gunfight’s aftermath were taken, possibly due to threats from the Earp faction, though Mollie and Buck’s studio captured portraits of many key figures in Tombstone, including founder Ed Schieffelin and surgeon Dr. George E. Goodfellow.

While Buck gained recognition for his photojournalistic work, including the only known images of Geronimo’s surrender in 1886, Mollie ensured the studio’s continuity. She managed operations during Buck’s absences, producing photographic postcards, such as one captioned “Arizona Prospectors, Tombstone,” which offered rare glimpses into the town’s daily life. Her work, though less credited, helped preserve the visual record of a bustling frontier town marked by saloons, stagecoach robberies, and mining ventures.

Challenges and Resilience

The Flys’ personal and professional lives were fraught with challenges. Buck’s heavy drinking led to their temporary separation in 1887, and by the late 1880s, Tombstone’s economy declined as silver prices fell and mines flooded. In 1893, the couple attempted to open a new studio in Phoenix, but the venture failed, prompting their return to Tombstone a year later. They separated again in the late 1890s, with Buck establishing a studio in Bisbee, Arizona, where a fire at the Phelps Dodge Mercantile Company warehouse destroyed many of their glass-plate negatives. After Buck’s death in Bisbee in 1901, Mollie ran the Tombstone studio solo for another decade, demonstrating remarkable resilience. In 1905, she published a collection of Buck’s photographs, Scenes in Geronimo’s Camp: The Apache Outlaw and Murderer, preserving his historic images of Geronimo’s surrender.

Later Life and Legacy

In 1912, Mollie retired after a second fire destroyed her studio in Tombstone in 1915. Recognizing the historical value of their work, she donated the surviving negatives to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. She then moved to Los Angeles, California, where she lived until her death in 1925. Mollie’s contributions as a pioneering female photographer were posthumously honored in 1989 when she was inducted into the Arizona Women’s Hall of Fame.

C. S. Fly's Photography Gallery, Tombstone, Arizona on fire 1912, Photograph by Mary "Mollie" Fly
C. S. Fly’s Photography Gallery, Tombstone, Arizona on fire 1912, Photograph by Mary “Mollie” Fly

Mollie Fly’s role in recording Tombstone’s events was integral to preserving the town’s legacy as “The Town Too Tough to Die.” Through her management of Fly’s Photography Gallery and her own photographic work, she captured the essence of a volatile frontier era, contributing to one of the most comprehensive pictorial records of early Tombstone. Her perseverance as a woman in a male-dominated field and her dedication to her craft ensure her place as a significant figure in Arizona’s history.

Sources:

Emery Clifford Kolb

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Emery Clifford Kolb
Emery Clifford Kolb

Emery Clifford Kolb (April 15, 1881 – December 11, 1976) was a pioneering photographer, filmmaker, and adventurer whose work immortalized the Grand Canyon and shaped its early tourism industry. Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Edward and Ella Kolb, Emery was the younger brother of Ellsworth Leonardson Kolb, with whom he formed a legendary partnership. His technical prowess, relentless determination, and lifelong dedication to the canyon made him a central figure in documenting its natural splendor. This article explores Emery’s life, his contributions to photography and Grand Canyon tourism, and his role in the historic 1911–1912 Colorado River expedition, drawing from historical accounts.

Early Life and Arrival at the Grand Canyon

Emery Kolb grew up in Pittsburgh, where his early exposure to photography sparked a lifelong passion. Unlike his older brother Ellsworth, who was drawn to adventure, Emery was intense, methodical, and focused on the technical craft of photography. In 1902, at age 21, he joined Ellsworth at the Grand Canyon’s South Rim, lured by his brother’s tales of opportunity at the Bright Angel Hotel. The brothers set up a makeshift photography business at the head of the Bright Angel Trail, capturing images of tourists descending into the canyon on muleback. Operating out of a tent, they developed photos in a crude darkroom—a blanket-covered prospector’s hole—often racing nine miles to Indian Garden for spring water to process their negatives.

Their early years were marked by logistical challenges, including hauling water from distant sources and competing with larger tourism enterprises backed by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway. Emery’s technical expertise complemented Ellsworth’s charisma, enabling them to carve out a niche in the burgeoning tourism industry. By 1904, they built the Kolb Studio, a modest structure on the South Rim overlooking the Bright Angel Trail, which served as their home, studio, and later a theater for their films. This iconic building, now on the National Register of Historic Places, became a cornerstone of Grand Canyon tourism.

The Kolb Studio and Photographic Legacy

The Kolb Studio was the heart of the brothers’ enterprise, where Emery’s photographic skills shone. While Ellsworth handled much of the fieldwork, Emery focused on developing and printing photographs, perfecting techniques to capture the canyon’s dramatic landscapes and the faces of early visitors. Their business model was innovative: they photographed tourists at the trailhead, developed prints during the day, and sold them to returning mule riders, capitalizing on the thrill of the canyon experience. Emery’s meticulous attention to detail ensured high-quality images that became cherished mementos, preserving the early history of Grand Canyon tourism.

The studio grew over the years, expanding into a five-story structure with a small auditorium for film screenings. Emery’s photography not only documented the canyon’s beauty but also its cultural significance, capturing Native American communities, early explorers, and the evolving infrastructure of the park. His archive, now housed at Northern Arizona University’s Cline Library, remains a vital resource for historians. Despite resistance from railroad companies and government entities, Emery’s tenacity helped the brothers maintain control of their studio against corporate pressures, solidifying their place in the canyon’s history.

The 1911–1912 Colorado River Expedition

Emery’s most famous achievement was the 1911–1912 expedition down the Green and Colorado Rivers, undertaken with Ellsworth to produce the first motion pictures of the Colorado River’s rapids. Starting on September 8, 1911, in Green River, Wyoming, the brothers navigated 1,100 miles to Needles, California, in two wooden Galloway-type skiffs. The 101-day journey was grueling, with 365 major rapids, freezing waters, and near-disasters, including flooded boats and a deserting assistant. Joined by miner Bert Lauzon for the final leg, they completed the trip on January 18, 1912, capturing groundbreaking footage with a new motion-picture camera.

Emery’s role was critical: he operated the camera, often filming from precarious positions on cliffs or boats, and maintained the equipment under harsh conditions. The resulting film, The Grand Canyon Film Show, premiered at the Kolb Studio in 1915 and ran nightly until Emery’s death in 1976, earning the distinction of the longest-running movie in history. Ellsworth’s journal from the trip, supplemented by Emery’s photographs, formed the basis of the 1914 book Through the Grand Canyon from Wyoming to Mexico, published by Macmillan and featured in National Geographic. The book and film brought the canyon’s wild beauty to a global audience, establishing the Kolbs as pioneers of adventure filmmaking.

Later Years and Enduring Impact

In 1924, Ellsworth sold his share of the Kolb Studio to Emery and moved to Los Angeles, leaving Emery to run the business alone. Emery remained at the Grand Canyon, expanding the studio and continuing to photograph mule trains and visitors. He narrated the expedition film nightly, captivating audiences with tales of their river journey. His commitment to the canyon never wavered, even as he faced ongoing battles with the National Park Service and competitors like the Fred Harvey Company. Emery also contributed to the canyon community, serving as a guide, participating in rescues, and documenting its history.

Emery married Blanche Bender in 1921, and their daughter, Edith, was raised at the studio. After Blanche’s death in 1944, Emery continued his work, maintaining the studio as a cultural hub. He died on December 11, 1976, at age 95, and was buried in the Grand Canyon Pioneer Cemetery alongside Ellsworth, who had passed in 1960. Emery’s photographs and films, preserved through his meticulous care, remain a treasure trove for researchers, offering a window into the canyon’s early days.

Legacy

Emery Kolb’s legacy is inseparable from the Grand Canyon itself. His technical mastery and unwavering dedication transformed the Kolb Studio into a cultural landmark, now operated by the Grand Canyon Conservancy as a gallery and bookstore. His photographs and films not only popularized the canyon but also inspired conservation efforts and adventure tourism. Works like Roger Naylor’s The Amazing Kolb Brothers of Grand Canyon and William C. Suran’s biography highlight Emery’s role as a visionary who, alongside Ellsworth, turned a rugged frontier into a national treasure. Through his lens, Emery Kolb captured the soul of the Grand Canyon, leaving a visual legacy that continues to inspire awe and wonder.

Ellsworth Leonardson Kolb

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Ellsworth Leonardson Kolb
Ellsworth Leonardson Kolb

Ellsworth Leonardson Kolb (January 4, 1876 – January 9, 1960) was a pivotal figure in the early history of Grand Canyon exploration, renowned for his daring adventures and groundbreaking contributions to photography and filmmaking. Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Edward and Ella Kolb, Ellsworth, often nicknamed “Ed,” was the eldest of four sons. His adventurous spirit and fearless attitude led him to the Grand Canyon in 1901, where he and his younger brother, Emery Clifford Kolb, established a legacy that transformed the canyon into a national icon. This article explores Ellsworth’s life, his contributions to Grand Canyon tourism, and his historic 1911–1912 river expedition, drawing from various historical accounts.

Early Life and Arrival at the Grand Canyon

Ellsworth Kolb grew up in Pittsburgh, where an accident in a steel mill prompted him to seek lighter work and new horizons. At age 24, he ventured west, initially working on telephone lines in Colorado and operating a snowplow at Pike’s Peak. His plans to sail to China were derailed when he visited the Grand Canyon in 1901. Captivated by its vast beauty, he decided to stay, taking a job chopping wood at the Bright Angel Hotel under Arizona pioneer Martin Buggeln. His hard work earned him a promotion to porter, and by 1902, he sent for his younger brother Emery, an aspiring photographer, to join him. Together, they laid the foundation for a photography business that would shape Grand Canyon tourism.

In 1902, the Kolb brothers set up a tent at the head of the Bright Angel Trail, photographing tourists on muleback as they descended into the canyon. This marked the beginning of their entrepreneurial venture in the fledgling tourism industry, which was gaining traction as the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway brought visitors to the South Rim. Their early darkroom was rudimentary—a blanket over a prospector’s hole—and they faced logistical challenges, such as hauling water from a muddy cow tank miles away or sprinting nine miles to Indian Garden for spring water to develop their photographs. Despite these hardships, their innovative approach to capturing the canyon’s beauty set them apart.

The Kolb Studio: A Grand Canyon Icon

By 1904, the brothers had constructed the Kolb Studio, a modest structure perched precariously on the South Rim, overlooking the Bright Angel Trail. Initially a two-room shack, it served as both their home and photographic studio. Over the years, it evolved through two major additions and numerous modifications, becoming a five-story building that included a small theater for showing their films. The studio became a cornerstone of early Grand Canyon tourism, where the Kolbs sold prints to returning mule riders, showcasing their valor against the canyon’s dramatic backdrop. The structure, now listed on the National Register of Historic Places, stands as a testament to their legacy and is operated by the Grand Canyon Conservancy as a gallery and bookstore.

Ellsworth’s easygoing, rakish personality complemented Emery’s intense, combative nature, creating a dynamic partnership. While Emery focused on the technical aspects of photography, Ellsworth’s adventurous spirit drove their bolder exploits. Their studio not only documented the canyon’s landscapes but also captured intimate portraits of early tourists, preserving a visual history of the park’s formative years. Their work faced resistance from the government, railroad companies, and competing tourism enterprises, but their persistence and ingenuity kept their business thriving.

The 1911–1912 Colorado River Expedition

Ellsworth’s most celebrated achievement was the 1911–1912 expedition down the Green and Colorado Rivers, a daring journey inspired by John Wesley Powell’s 1869 exploration. With little whitewater experience, Ellsworth and Emery set out from Green River, Wyoming, on September 8, 1911, in two wooden Galloway-type skiffs, aiming to capture the first motion pictures of the Colorado River’s rapids. The 1,100-mile journey to Needles, California, took 101 days, testing their physical and mental endurance as they navigated 365 large rapids, endured freezing waters, and salvaged equipment from flooded boats. Their first assistant abandoned the trip early, but they were joined by Bert Lauzon, a resilient miner, for the final leg.

The expedition was not just a physical feat but a groundbreaking cinematic endeavor. Using a newly invented motion-picture camera, the Kolbs produced the first moving pictures of the Colorado River, a film that became the longest-running movie in history, shown at their studio from 1915 until Emery’s death in 1976. Ellsworth’s journal from the trip formed the basis of his 1914 book, Through the Grand Canyon from Wyoming to Mexico, published by Macmillan, which included 76 black-and-white photographs and was featured extensively in the August 1914 issue of National Geographic. The book and film brought the Grand Canyon’s majesty to a global audience, cementing the Kolbs’ fame.

In 1913, Ellsworth returned alone to Needles, California, and rowed to the Gulf of California, completing the entire Colorado River journey. This solo trip further showcased his fearless nature and resulted in additional photographs and writings that enriched the Kolbs’ legacy. Their work not only popularized the Grand Canyon but also aided later expeditions, including a 1914 U.S. Geological Survey and Southern California Edison project to survey the river for maps and dam sites.

Later Years and Legacy

By 1924, Ellsworth sold his share of the Kolb Studio to Emery and moved to Los Angeles, though he occasionally returned for canyon adventures. Emery continued operating the studio, photographing mule strings and narrating their film nightly until his death in 1976 at age 95. Ellsworth died on January 9, 1960, at age 83, and was laid to rest in the Grand Canyon Pioneer Cemetery, near his brother. Their contrasting personalities—Ellsworth’s carefree adventurism and Emery’s tenacity—made them a formidable team, overcoming corporate and bureaucratic challenges to maintain their business.

The Kolb brothers’ contributions extended beyond photography. They were among the first to accomplish double crossings of the Grand Canyon, served as early guides, and participated in rescues, such as the 1919 search for a missing hiker. Their photographic archive, preserved at Northern Arizona University’s Cline Library, remains a vital historical resource. Their story, detailed in works like Roger Naylor’s The Amazing Kolb Brothers of Grand Canyon and William C. Suran’s biography, highlights their role as pioneers who blended art, adventure, and entrepreneurship to shape the Grand Canyon’s identity.

Ellsworth Kolb’s legacy is one of courage and vision. His fearless exploration and innovative use of photography and film brought the Grand Canyon’s wonders to the world, inspiring generations of adventurers and visitors. Today, the Kolb Studio stands as a monument to his and Emery’s indomitable spirit, inviting visitors to step into the history of two brothers who dared to chase their dreams on the edge of one of the world’s greatest natural wonders.

Ansel Easton Adams

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Ansel Easton Adams was born on February 20, 1902, in San Francisco, California. A hyperactive child with a restless spirit, Adams found solace in nature, particularly during family trips to Yosemite National Park. At age 12, a visit to Yosemite in 1916 sparked a lifelong passion. Given a Kodak No. 1 Box Brownie camera by his parents, Adams began capturing the park’s dramatic landscapes, igniting his journey as a photographer. His early exposure to Yosemite’s granite cliffs, waterfalls, and vast wilderness shaped his artistic vision, blending technical precision with emotional resonance.

Adams was largely self-taught, both in music (his initial pursuit) and photography. By his late teens, he joined the Sierra Club, a conservation organization, which deepened his connection to Yosemite. He worked as a custodian at the Sierra Club’s LeConte Memorial Lodge in Yosemite Valley during the 1920s, honing his craft while immersing himself in the park’s natural splendor. His early photographs, influenced by the Pictorialist style, emphasized soft focus and romanticized landscapes, but he soon sought a sharper, more precise aesthetic.

Development of a Photographic Vision

In the 1930s, Adams co-founded the f/64 group with photographers like Edward Weston and Imogen Cunningham. Named after the smallest camera aperture for maximum sharpness, the group championed “straight photography,” prioritizing crisp detail and tonal range over manipulative techniques. This philosophy crystallized Adams’ approach to capturing Yosemite’s rugged beauty. His iconic images, such as Monolith, The Face of Half Dome (1927), showcased his mastery of light, shadow, and composition, using large-format cameras and meticulous darkroom techniques.

Adams developed the Zone System, a methodical approach to exposure and development that allowed precise control over tonal values. This innovation, detailed in his later technical books, enabled him to translate Yosemite’s dynamic landscapes into prints with unparalleled depth and clarity. His photographs of El Capitan, Yosemite Falls, and the Sierra Nevada became defining representations of the American wilderness.

Impact on Yosemite and Conservation

Adams’ work transcended art, becoming a powerful tool for environmental advocacy. His photographs of Yosemite, published in portfolios and books like Yosemite and the Sierra Nevada (1948), brought the park’s majesty to a national audience. These images were instrumental in promoting conservation, reinforcing Yosemite’s status as a national treasure. As a Sierra Club board member, Adams lobbied for the preservation of wild spaces, including the expansion of national parks. His 1938 book, Sierra Nevada: The John Muir Trail, influenced President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Congress to establish Kings Canyon National Park in 1940, a testament to his impact on conservation policy.

Adams’ images shaped public perception of Yosemite, emphasizing its spiritual and ecological value. His work inspired generations to visit and protect the park, cementing its role as a symbol of America’s commitment to preserving natural landscapes. By capturing Yosemite’s timeless beauty, Adams helped foster a cultural appreciation for wilderness that resonated far beyond California.

Owens Valley, photographed from Sawmill Pass by Ansel Adams, circa 1936.
Owens Valley, photographed from Sawmill Pass by Ansel Adams, circa 1936.
Photograph of the Hoover Dam (formerly Boulder Dam) from Across the Colorado River; From the series Ansel Adams Photographs of National Parks and Monuments, compiled 1941 - 1942, documenting the period ca. 1933 - 1942
Photograph of the Hoover Dam (formerly Boulder Dam) from Across the Colorado River; From the series Ansel Adams Photographs of National Parks and Monuments, compiled 1941 – 1942, documenting the period ca. 1933 – 1942
Manzanar Enterance and sign. Photograph by Ansel Adam
Manzanar Enterance and sign. Photograph by Ansel Adam

Later Years and Legacy

Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, Adams continued photographing Yosemite while expanding his influence through teaching, writing, and exhibitions. His work gained international acclaim, with exhibitions at institutions like the Museum of Modern Art. In the 1960s and 1970s, as environmentalism grew, Adams’ images became synonymous with the movement, amplifying calls to protect places like Yosemite from development and overuse.

Adams died on April 22, 1984, leaving behind a legacy that endures in photography and conservation. The Ansel Adams Gallery in Yosemite Valley remains a hub for his work, and the park’s Ansel Adams Wilderness Area honors his contributions. His photographs continue to inspire artists, environmentalists, and visitors, ensuring Yosemite’s preservation for future generations.

Conclusion

Ansel Adams’ life was intertwined with Yosemite National Park, from his formative experiences as a young photographer to his role as a conservation advocate. His technical innovations and evocative images elevated landscape photography to an art form, while his activism helped safeguard Yosemite’s natural splendor. Through his lens, Adams not only captured the park’s physical beauty but also its enduring significance as a beacon of environmental stewardship.

Samuel C Mills

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Samuel C Mills (1833–1911) was a Washington, D.C.-born photographer who documented James H. Simpson’s 1858–1859 expedition across the Great Basin, including White Pine County, Nevada, capturing some of the earliest photographs of the Oregon and California Trails and Native American subjects, before transitioning to a career as a police judge and temperance advocate.

Early Life and Beginnings in Photography (1833–1856)

Samuel C Mills was born on October 8, 1833, in Washington, D.C., to John and Mary Mills. Growing up in the capital, he worked in his father’s shoe factory as a young man, gaining practical experience but showing early interest in the emerging field of photography. In 1856, at age 23, Mills joined the photography studio of Blanchard P. Paige on Pennsylvania Avenue, where he honed his skills in portraiture and wet-plate collodion photography, a complex process requiring glass negatives and immediate development.

Expedition with James H. Simpson (1858–1859)

James H. Simpson (1813–1883)
James H. Simpson (1813–1883)

Mills’ most notable contribution came during his role as expedition photographer for Captain James H. Simpson’s 1858–1859 survey of the Central Route across the Great Basin, including White Pine County, Nevada (as referenced in prior conversation). Hired in March 1858 at $40 per month, with Edward Jagiello as his assistant at $25 per month, Mills was tasked with documenting the expedition’s journey from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, to Camp Floyd, Utah, to map a wagon road for military and emigrant use during the Utah War.

The expedition departed on May 31, 1858, after Mills and Jagiello tested their equipment at Fort Leavenworth, producing early views of an artillery battery and three surviving photographs of the fort’s buildings. Simpson instructed Mills to capture “as many prominent scenes as possible,” including Fort Kearney, Court House Rock, Chimney Rock, Fort Laramie, and Ash Hollow, emphasizing topographical and geological features for the expedition’s report. On July 25, 1858, a team member noted Mills photographing Court House Rock, highlighting his active role.

At Camp Floyd, Mills and Jagiello set up a makeshift darkroom, producing paper prints from glass negatives, including views of the sprawling military garrison, then the largest in the U.S. Mills also photographed a Ute delegation led by Chief Arapeen on January 20–21, 1859, capturing a group portrait and a solo image of Arapeen, some of the earliest photographic records of Native Americans in the region. However, Simpson grew frustrated with Mills’ drinking habits, which impaired his duties. After multiple warnings, Simpson dismissed Mills on January 19, 1859, but reinstated him with a stern admonition following Mills’ plea for another chance. Concerns over dwindling photographic chemicals further limited Mills’ output.

The expedition returned to Washington, D.C., in September 1859, with no known photographs from the return journey, suggesting the camera was packed away. The delicate glass negatives were likely delivered to the War Department, though their ultimate fate is unknown. Mills’ employment ended upon the expedition’s conclusion, leaving behind the earliest surviving photographic record of the Oregon and California Trails.

Civil War and Transition to Law (1860–1872)

Returning to Washington, Mills resumed work at Paige’s studio, photographing soldiers as the Civil War began in 1861. In 1864, he enlisted in the Union Army as a hospital steward, serving until the war’s end in 1865. After the war, Mills returned to photography but began studying law, passing the bar in 1872. His legal career soon overshadowed his photographic work, marking a shift from his earlier artistic pursuits.

Later Life and Civic Engagement (1872–1911)

In 1872, Mills was appointed a police judge in Washington, D.C., a position he held for the rest of his career. His experiences with alcohol during the Simpson expedition may have influenced his commitment to temperance, leading him to found the Sons of Jonadab, a temperance organization. Mills was also an active member of the Grand Army of the Republic, a Union veterans’ group, and the Masonic Order, reflecting his civic engagement. He died on October 7, 1911, and was buried in Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

Legacy

Samuel C Mills is best remembered for his 1858–1859 photographs, which provide a rare visual record of the Oregon and California Trails and early Great Basin exploration. His work with Simpson’s expedition, despite challenges with alcohol and limited supplies, captured key landmarks and Native American subjects, contributing to the historical documentation of White Pine County and the broader American West. While his later career in law overshadowed his photography, Mills’ images remain a valuable resource for historians studying 19th-century exploration and frontier life.

Sources

  • Encyclopedia, Samuel C. Mills, amp.blog.shops-net.com.
  • Western Mining History, White Pine County, Nevada.
  • Report of Explorations across the Great Basin in 1859 by James H. Simpson (University of Nevada Press, 1983).