Devils Garden

In the sun-scorched heart of Utah’s Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, where the Hole-in-the-Rock Trail claws its way through a labyrinth of crimson canyons like the desperate fingers of Mormon pioneers hacking at stone in 1879, lies Devil’s Garden—a surreal tableau of the earth’s defiant artistry, a gallery where time’s patient chisel has mocked gravity and whispered secrets of ancient winds. This is no mere badlands, but a fever dream etched in sandstone, where the land rises in defiant spires and dissolves into whispering hoodoos, as if the desert itself, weary of flat horizons, conspired with the sky to birth a menagerie of stone beasts frozen mid-roar.

Devils Garden off the Hole in the Rock Trail, Lake Powell, Utah
Devils Garden off the Hole in the Rock Trail, Lake Powell, Utah

Geologically, Devil’s Garden unfurls from the Jurassic Entrada Sandstone, a 180-million-year-old relic of vast eolian dunes that once undulated across a sun-blasted supercontinent like the breath of forgotten leviathans. These cross-bedded layers, fine-grained and ochre-hued, were laid down in arid coastal sabkhas and wind-swept ergs, their quartzose grains—subrounded, frosted relics of primordial beaches—cemented loosely enough to yield to erosion’s subtle tyranny. Above and below, the Navajo Sandstone’s pale monoliths loom like bleached bones of colossal whales, while the underlying Kayenta Formation’s red fluvial silts speak of meandering rivers that quenched Triassic thirsts long before the dinosaurs’ dominion. But it is the Entrada’s capricious members—the silty Gunsight Butte and the interbedded Cannonville—that ignite the garden’s whimsy: differential weathering gnaws at softer lenses, toppling slabs into balanced rocks that teeter on invisible threads, while harder caps shield slender pedestals, birthing hoodoos that squat like mischievous imps, their fluted skirts etched by flash floods and the ceaseless sigh of wind.

Wander its maze off the trail’s dusty vein, and Metate Arch spans like a portal to petrified skies, a 20-foot crescent of Slickrock hewn from the Escalante Member’s “stonepecker” pockmarks—hollows bored by ancient burrowing winds or the ghosts of Cretaceous tides. Nearby, Mano Arch frames the horizon in delicate filigree, a testament to joint-controlled fracturing where the Circle Cliffs uplift tilted these strata northward, exposing them to the Colorado Plateau’s relentless sculpting. Petrified logs from the Chinle Formation’s volcanic-ash mudstones peek through like fossilized lightning, reminders that this paradise was once a floodplain choked with conifers and the clamor of unseen beasts, before the Laramide Orogeny’s slow heave and Pleistocene downcuts exhumed it all.

Yet Devil’s Garden is no static relic; it breathes with the pulse of erosion, a slow-motion ballet where rain’s rare kisses dissolve calcium bonds, and thermal fractures invite collapse. In the golden hour, shadows pool in goblin hollows, turning the palette from burnt sienna to bruised plum, inviting the soul to trace the earth’s autobiography in every fractured finial. Here, off the Hole-in-the-Rock’s historic scar—a trail born of faith and folly, blasted through basalt to ford the Escalante River—nature’s geology becomes poetry: a devilish delight where stone defies the fall, and the desert, in its infinite patience, dreams of flight.

Monument Valley

Monument Valley, known in Navajo as Tsé Biiʼ Ndzisgaii (meaning “valley of the rocks”), is a striking region of the Colorado Plateau located along the Arizona-Utah border within the Navajo Nation Reservation. This iconic landscape features clusters of towering sandstone buttes, mesas, and spires that rise dramatically from the valley floor, with the tallest formations reaching up to 1,000 feet (300 meters) in height. Spanning approximately 91,696 acres, it is not a national park but a Navajo Tribal Park, managed by the Navajo Nation since its establishment in 1958.

The area’s red-hued rock formations have become synonymous with the American Southwest, largely due to their appearances in films, but its significance extends far beyond Hollywood, encompassing deep geological history and profound cultural heritage for Indigenous peoples.

Geological Formation

Monument Valley’s unique geology is a product of millions of years of sedimentary deposition, uplift, and erosion on the Colorado Plateau. The formations primarily consist of sedimentary rocks dating from the Permian to the Jurassic periods, representing about 192 million years of Earth’s history. The process began during the Permian Period when the area was part of a vast inland sea and desert environments, leading to the accumulation of sediments from eroding ancestral Rocky Mountains.

The valley’s prominent features are built from three main stratigraphic layers:

  • Organ Rock Shale (Base Layer): This is the oldest exposed layer, formed from fine-grained sediments deposited in ancient floodplains and marine environments during the Permian Period. It erodes more easily than overlying layers, contributing to the undercutting that isolates the buttes.
  • De Chelly Sandstone (Middle Layer): Comprising the bulk of the buttes and mesas, this layer originated from wind-blown sands in ancient desert dunes during the Permian. Its cross-bedded structure is resistant to erosion, forming the steep cliffs and caps of the monuments.
  • Moenkopi Shale (Upper Layer): The youngest of the primary layers, deposited in tidal flats and shallow seas during the Triassic Period. It caps some formations and adds to the red coloration due to iron oxides, while manganese oxides create blue-gray hues in certain rocks.

Regional uplift of the Colorado Plateau, driven by tectonic forces, elevated these layers thousands of feet above sea level. Subsequent erosion by wind, water, and ice carved the landscape. Differential erosion played a key role: harder sandstones resisted weathering, while softer shales eroded faster, creating the isolated pillars, buttes, and arches seen today. Notable formations include the East and West Mitten Buttes (resembling hands in mittens), the Totem Pole (a slender sandstone spire), and Merrick Butte. The valley floor, at elevations of 5,000 to 6,000 feet, is composed of sand and siltstone, with its vivid red tones from oxidized iron.

Geological studies, including those by the U.S. Geological Survey and the New Mexico Geological Society, highlight Monument Valley as a classic example of plateau dissection. Similar landscapes on Mars have even been nicknamed “Monument Valley” by researchers due to visual parallels. Ongoing erosion continues to shape the area, though at a slow pace in this arid environment.

Historical Overview

Human history in Monument Valley dates back millennia, intertwined with its geological features. The earliest known inhabitants were the Ancestral Puebloans (also called Anasazi), who occupied the region around 1300 CE or earlier, building cliff dwellings and leaving petroglyphs in nearby areas like Mystery Valley. These ancient peoples used the valley’s resources for hunting, gathering, and agriculture before mysteriously abandoning the sites around the 14th century, possibly due to drought or resource depletion.

By the 1300s, San Juan Band Paiutes frequented the area as nomadic hunters and gatherers, naming it “Valley or Treeless Area Amid the Rocks” and imbuing it with spiritual significance, such as viewing certain formations as gods or hogans (traditional Navajo dwellings). The Navajo (Diné) people arrived later, establishing a more permanent presence by the 18th century. They consider the valley sacred, with mythological stories tied to the landforms.

European contact began with Spanish and Mexican explorers in the 18th and 19th centuries, often in punitive expeditions against Navajo raiders. In the 1860s, during the U.S. government’s campaigns against the Navajo, Kit Carson led forces into the region, forcing many Navajo into the “Long Walk” to internment at Bosque Redondo. After their return in 1868, the Navajo faced miners seeking silver and uranium, with notable incidents like the 1880 killings of prospectors Ernest Mitchell and James Merrick near the monoliths. Uranium mining boomed in the mid-20th century west of U.S. Highway 163, leaving a legacy of environmental contamination that persists today.

The modern era began in the early 20th century with traders like Harry and Leone “Mike” Goulding, who established a trading post in 1923 (now Goulding’s Lodge). They promoted the area to Hollywood, leading to director John Ford’s discovery of the valley in the 1930s. Ford’s films, starting with “Stagecoach” (1939) starring John Wayne, immortalized Monument Valley as the archetype of the American West. Subsequent movies like “The Searchers” (1956), “Forrest Gump” (1994), and “2001: A Space Odyssey” (1968) further cemented its fame.

In 1958, the Navajo Nation established Monument Valley as its first tribal park, a pioneering move in Indigenous self-governance that influenced other tribes. This designation preserved Navajo control over tourism, which includes guided tours emphasizing cultural history.

Cultural and Modern Significance

For the Navajo, Monument Valley is not just a geological wonder but a spiritual homeland. Legends describe buttes as defeated monsters or sky-supporters, and the land is integral to ceremonies and storytelling. Tourism, managed through Navajo-guided jeep, horseback, and hiking tours, provides economic benefits while sharing cultural insights. Visitors can explore the 17-mile scenic drive or off-road sites like Hunt’s Mesa, but unguided access is limited to respect sacred areas.

Today, Monument Valley attracts over 500,000 visitors annually, boosting the local economy through lodges, artisan sales, and film productions. Environmental challenges include erosion, climate change impacts, and legacy mining pollution, prompting ongoing conservation efforts by the Navajo Nation.

Park Avenue

Park Avenue is located in Arches National Park. Photo by James L Rathbun
Park Avenue is located in Arches National Park. Photo by James L Rathbun

In the red rocks and canyons of Arches National Park, where the desert’s heart beats in hues of fire and stone, Park Avenue stands as a grand corridor of towering sandstone monoliths, a natural boulevard sculpted by the hands of time. This dramatic landscape, one of the park’s most iconic vistas, stretches as a mile-long canyon flanked by colossal fins, spires, and buttes, their sheer faces rising like the skyscrapers of a primordial city. The formations, bathed in the golden blaze of dawn or the crimson glow of dusk, shimmer with shades of rust, ochre, and amber, their surfaces etched with the intricate scars of wind and fleeting rains. Among the towering giants, the Courthouse Towers loom at the southern end, their massive silhouettes evoking ancient sentinels guarding secrets of the desert. The scene is both humbling and majestic, a cathedral of stone where the silence of the desert hums with reverence, punctuated only by the whisper of wind or the distant cry of a raven.

Park Avenue’s monoliths, with their smooth, vertical faces and jagged crests, stand as a testament to nature’s artistry, their forms both resolute and transient. From the trail, the corridor feels alive, the towering walls seeming to lean inward, framing the sky as a ribbon of blue above a sea of red rock. Each formation, from the imposing Queen Nefertiti to the distant Three Gossips, carries its own character, yet together they form a cohesive gallery of geologic splendor, inviting awe and introspection.

Geology and Formation of Park Avenue

Park Avenue’s dramatic landscape is carved primarily from the Entrada Sandstone, deposited approximately 165 million years ago during the Jurassic period, with contributions from the underlying Carmel Formation. The Entrada Sandstone, composed of fine quartz grains cemented by calcium carbonate and iron oxides, owes its vibrant red and orange hues to the iron’s oxidation, giving the rock its fiery desert palette. The formation of Park Avenue is a geologic epic of deposition, uplift, and erosion, shaped over millions of years by relentless natural forces.

During the Jurassic, vast dune fields and intermittent shallow seas blanketed the region, compacting into the Entrada Sandstone. Around 70 million years ago, the uplift of the Colorado Plateau elevated these sedimentary layers, exposing them to wind, water, and temperature fluctuations. Beneath the surface, the Paradox Formation—a thick layer of salt deposited 300 million years ago—played a critical role. As the salt shifted and dissolved, it caused fracturing and collapse in the overlying sandstone, creating joints and fins. Erosion, driven by water and wind, sculpted these fins into the towering monoliths and spires of Park Avenue. Differential erosion, where softer layers eroded faster than more resistant ones, carved the deep, linear corridor, leaving behind the vertical walls and isolated formations like the Courthouse Towers. This ongoing process continues to shape Park Avenue, a fleeting chapter in the geologic saga of Arches National Park.

The Hike to Park Avenue

The Three Gossips located in Arches National Park, Utah. Photo by James L Rathbun
The Three Gossips located in Arches National Park, Utah. Photo by James L Rathbun

The journey through Park Avenue is an accessible and awe-inspiring trek, inviting visitors to walk among giants. The Park Avenue Trail begins at the Park Avenue parking area, just 2 miles from the park’s entrance, and stretches 1 mile one-way to the Courthouse Towers parking lot, with a round-trip distance of 2 miles if you return to the starting point. Rated as easy, the trail features a gentle descent of about 320 feet, making it suitable for most hikers, including families, and typically takes 1-2 hours to complete. A shuttle or second vehicle is recommended for a one-way hike, though many choose to retrace their steps for different perspectives.

The trail begins with a paved path that transitions to packed dirt and slickrock, winding through a dramatic canyon flanked by towering sandstone fins and monoliths. As you descend, the formations rise higher, their sheer faces creating a corridor that feels both grand and intimate. Notable landmarks, like the Queen Nefertiti rock formation, resemble their namesakes from certain angles, while the distant Three Gossips and Courthouse Towers loom majestically. The trail is exposed, with minimal shade, so hikers should bring water, sunscreen, and sturdy shoes, especially in the desert’s intense summer heat. Winter may bring icy patches, but the trail remains accessible year-round. Sunrise or sunset hikes are particularly enchanting, when the monoliths glow with ethereal light, casting long shadows across the desert floor. Interpretive signs along the path offer insights into the geology and ecology, enriching the experience of walking through this natural skyscraper alley.

Trail Map

Role of Park Avenue in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade

In Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), Park Avenue serves as a striking backdrop in the film’s opening sequence, set in 1912, which introduces a young Indiana Jones (River Phoenix) as a Boy Scout exploring the Utah desert. The Park Avenue area, with its towering monoliths and dramatic canyon, appears during scenes where Indy’s scout troop rides on horseback through the park. The corridor’s iconic formations, including the Courthouse Towers and nearby Three Gossips, are visible as Indy discovers grave robbers in a fictional cave and steals the Cross of Coronado, sparking a chase sequence. While the film does not linger on specific formations, Park Avenue’s grandeur enhances the adventurous tone, grounding Indy’s early exploits in a landscape of monumental beauty. The area’s rugged, open terrain and towering spires provide a cinematic stage for the high-energy chase, cementing Park Avenue’s role as a visual cornerstone of the film’s prologue.

Double Arch

In the heart of Arches National Park, where the desert stretches like a canvas painted in shades of fire and stone, the Double Arch rises as a monumental embrace of sandstone, a sculpture of nature’s boundless imagination. Two majestic arches, entwined like lovers frozen in a timeless waltz, emerge from a shared foundation of crimson rock, their graceful curves framing the endless sky. The larger arch sweeps boldly, its wide span a window to the vast desert beyond, while the smaller arch nestles intimately beside it, a delicate crescent whispering secrets to the stars. Bathed in the golden blaze of sunrise or the soft lavender of dusk, their surfaces glow with hues of rust, amber, and coral, etched with the intricate patterns of wind and time. Shadows dance across their smooth, sculpted faces, accentuating their contours and lending them an almost living presence—a silent symphony of stone that hums with the desert’s ancient heartbeat.

Double Arch forms a cathedral like rock formation in Arches National Park.  Photo by James L Rathbun
Double Arch forms a cathedral like rock formation in Arches National Park. Photo by James L Rathbun

The Double Arch is a paradox of strength and fragility, its towering forms defying gravity yet bearing the delicate scars of erosion’s patient touch. From one angle, the arches blend into a singular, harmonious silhouette; from another, their distinct identities emerge, each arc a testament to the desert’s artistry. Surrounded by a rugged landscape of scattered boulders and resilient desert shrubs, the arches stand as a natural cathedral, inviting reverence and wonder in the quiet vastness of the park.

Geology and Formation of the Double Arch

The Double Arch is carved from the Entrada Sandstone, a formation laid down roughly 165 million years ago during the Jurassic period. Composed of fine quartz grains cemented by calcium carbonate and iron oxides, this sandstone glows with the desert’s signature reds and oranges, its vibrant colors a gift of mineral alchemy. The arches’ creation is a geologic epic, shaped by deposition, uplift, and relentless erosion over millions of years.

In the Jurassic, vast dune fields blanketed the region, their sands compacting into the Entrada Sandstone. About 70 million years ago, the uplift of the Colorado Plateau thrust these layers skyward, exposing them to the elements. Beneath the surface, the Paradox Formation—a thick layer of salt deposited 300 million years ago—played a pivotal role. As the salt shifted and dissolved, it fractured the overlying sandstone, creating joints and fissures. Water, seeping into these cracks, eroded softer material, sculpting thin fins of resistant sandstone. The Double Arch formed as erosion hollowed out two parallel fins, eventually breaking through to create the twin spans we see today. The larger arch, with its expansive reach, and the smaller, more delicate arc reflect subtle variations in the sandstone’s composition, where harder layers resisted erosion while softer ones yielded. This ongoing dance of erosion continues to refine the arches, a fleeting chapter in the geologic story of Arches National Park.

The eyes are pulled skyward by the tower rock arches at Double Arch.  Photo by James L Rathbun
The eyes are pulled skyward by the tower rock arches at Double Arch. Photo by James L Rathbun

The Hike to Double Arch

The journey to Double Arch is a short, accessible pilgrimage, inviting visitors to step into the desert’s embrace. The trailhead begins at the Double Arch parking area in the Windows Section of Arches National Park, just a few miles from the park’s main entrance. This easy, 0.5-mile round-trip hike, rated as family-friendly, requires only about 15-30 minutes to complete, with minimal elevation gain (less than 40 feet). The path is a well-trodden, flat trail of packed dirt and sand, winding through a landscape dotted with sagebrush and twisted junipers, with the towering sandstone formations of the Windows Section looming in the distance.

Looking out of the Double Arch alcove towards the Windows and Turret Arches, in Arches National Park.  Photo by James L Rathbun
Looking out of the Double Arch alcove towards the Windows and Turret Arches, in Arches National Park. Photo by James L Rathbun

As you approach, the Double Arch reveals itself gradually, its massive form emerging from behind rocky outcrops, a breathtaking crescendo that feels both intimate and grand. The trail leads directly to the base of the arches, where visitors can stand beneath their soaring spans, dwarfed by their scale. For those seeking a closer encounter, a gentle scramble over slickrock allows exploration beneath the arches, though caution is advised as the sandstone can be slippery. No technical gear is needed, but sturdy shoes and water are recommended, especially under the desert’s unrelenting sun. The trail offers no shade, but its brevity and the reward of standing in the arches’ shadow make it a must for any park visitor.

Along the way, interpretive signs provide insights into the geology and ecology, enriching the experience. The hike is most magical at sunrise or sunset, when the arches glow with ethereal light, casting long shadows across the desert floor. Accessible year-round, the trail may be dusty in summer or icy in winter, but its simplicity ensures that all can witness the Double Arch’s majesty, a fleeting yet eternal monument to the desert’s enduring artistry.

The Last Crusade

In Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), the Double Arch in Arches National Park, Utah, plays a brief but visually striking role in the film’s opening sequence, set in 1912. This scene introduces a young Indiana Jones (played by River Phoenix) as a Boy Scout exploring the desert with his troop. The Double Arch serves as a dramatic backdrop when the troop dismounts from their horses near this iconic formation in the Windows Section of the park. The arches’ towering, intertwined spans frame the rugged Utah landscape, emphasizing the adventurous spirit of young Indy’s early exploits.

The sequence centers on Indy’s discovery of grave robbers in a nearby cave (a fictional addition, as no such cave exists beneath Double Arch). After stealing the Cross of Coronado from them, believing it belongs in a museum, Indy flees, and the area around Double Arch is visible as he runs down a hill, pursued by the thieves. The arches’ majestic presence enhances the scene’s sense of grandeur and sets the tone for Indy’s lifelong quest for archaeological treasures. While the Double Arch itself is not a central plot element, its inclusion leverages the park’s iconic scenery to ground the film’s adventurous tone, making it a memorable part of the prologue’s high-desert setting.

The Windows

In the sun-drenched heart of Arches National Park, where the desert’s pulse beats in shades of fire and stone, the North and South Window arches stand as twin sentinels of time, their majestic forms framing the infinite. Rising from the rust-red landscape of the Windows Section, these sandstone portals evoke the eyes of the desert, gazing out across a sea of sculpted rock and sagebrush.

The Windows, Arches National Park, Utah.  Photo by James L Rathbun
The Windows, Arches National Park, Utah. Photo by James L Rathbun

The North Window, broad and commanding, stretches wide like an open embrace, its smooth, curved edges softened by eons of wind and rare rains. Its sibling, the South Window, mirrors it with a gentler arc, its slightly smaller span exuding quiet grace. Together, they form a pair of celestial frames, capturing slivers of sky—cerulean by day, ablaze with stars by night. Bathed in the golden fire of sunrise or the crimson glow of dusk, their surfaces shimmer with hues of ochre, coral, and amber, etched with the delicate scars of time’s patient hand.

The Windows stand as a study in harmony and contrast, their massive forms both grounded and ethereal. The North Window’s bold silhouette invites exploration, its cavernous opening a gateway to the vastness beyond, while the South Window, nestled nearby, offers a softer perspective, its frame cradling the horizon with tender intimacy. Surrounded by rugged fins and scattered boulders, they create a natural amphitheater, where the desert’s silence hums with reverence, broken only by the whisper of wind or the distant call of a canyon wren.

Geology and Formation of the North and South Window

The North and South Window arches are carved from the Entrada Sandstone, a formation deposited approximately 165 million years ago during the Jurassic period. This sandstone, composed of fine quartz grains cemented by calcium carbonate and iron oxides, owes its vibrant red and orange palette to the iron’s oxidation, painting the rock with the desert’s fiery signature. The arches’ creation is a geologic saga of deposition, uplift, and erosion, shaped over millions of years by the relentless forces of nature.

During the Jurassic, vast dune fields blanketed the region, their sands compacting into the Entrada Sandstone. Around 70 million years ago, the uplift of the Colorado Plateau elevated these sedimentary layers, exposing them to wind, water, and temperature fluctuations. Beneath the surface, the Paradox Formation—a thick layer of salt laid down 300 million years ago—played a crucial role. As the salt shifted and dissolved, it caused fracturing and collapse in the overlying sandstone, creating joints and fins. Water and wind exploited these weaknesses, eroding softer material to sculpt the thin, vertical fins that would become the Windows. The North and South Window arches formed as erosion widened cavities within these fins, eventually breaking through to create their iconic openings. Differential erosion, driven by variations in the sandstone’s composition, shaped their distinct forms—the North Window’s broader, bolder span contrasting with the South Window’s more delicate arc. This ongoing process of erosion continues to refine the arches, a fleeting moment in the geologic tapestry of Arches National Park.

A backlit North Window is a popular photographic spot in Arches National Park.  Photo by James L Rathbun
A backlit North Window is a popular photographic spot in Arches National Park. Photo by James L Rathbun

The Hike to the North and South Window

The journey to the North and South Window arches is an accessible adventure, inviting visitors to step into the desert’s timeless embrace. The trail begins at the Windows Section parking lot, located about 9 miles from the park’s entrance in the Windows Section of Arches National Park. The Windows Loop Trail, a 1-mile round-trip hike, is rated as easy to moderate, with a gentle elevation gain of about 150 feet, making it suitable for most visitors, including families. The hike typically takes 30-60 minutes, depending on pace and time spent marveling at the arches.

The trail, a mix of packed dirt, sand, and slickrock, winds through a starkly beautiful landscape of junipers, pinyon pines, and scattered sandstone boulders. As you approach, the Windows emerge dramatically, their towering forms rising against the horizon like ancient portals. The path splits, offering two options: a direct route to the base of the North Window, where hikers can scramble up slickrock for a closer view beneath its massive span, or a loop that circles around to the South Window, offering stunning perspectives of both arches and nearby Turret Arch. The North Window’s cavernous opening is particularly striking up close, its scale humbling, while the South Window, viewed from a slight distance, frames the desert landscape with serene elegance.

The South Window in Arches National Park does not seem to have as much traffic as the North Window. Photo by James L Rathbun
The South Window in Arches National Park does not seem to have as much traffic as the North Window. Photo by James L Rathbun

For a quieter experience, the primitive trail behind the arches provides a less-traveled loop, offering panoramic views of the Windows Section and a chance to appreciate the arches’ silhouettes against the sky. The trail is exposed, with little shade, so hikers should bring water, sunscreen, and sturdy shoes, especially in the desert’s intense summer heat. Winter may bring icy patches, but the trail remains accessible year-round. Sunrise or sunset hikes are particularly magical, when the arches glow with ethereal light, casting long shadows across the desert floor. Interpretive signs along the path provide insights into the geology and ecology, enriching the journey to these iconic monuments, where the desert’s artistry invites awe and contemplation.