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Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp
Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp (March 19, 1848 – January 13, 1929) was an American lawman and gambler who became a legendary figure of the Old West. Born in Monmouth, Illinois, he was the fourth of five children in the Earp family. His early life was marked by a series of moves and financial struggles, leading him into various jobs and ventures as a young man.
Early Life (1848–1864)
Wyatt Earp was born on March 19, 1848, in Monmouth, Illinois, to Nicholas Porter Earp and Virginia Ann Cooksey. He was the fourth of eight children, with four brothers (James, Virgil, Morgan, and Warren) and three sisters. Wyatt grew up in a family with a strong sense of duty and justice, values instilled in him by his father, who had served in the Mexican-American War.
In 1864, the Earp family moved to California, traveling by wagon train across the Great Plains. They settled in San Bernardino, where Wyatt spent his teenage years. During this time, he worked on the family farm and occasionally took on odd jobs, developing the skills that would later serve him well as a frontiersman and lawman.
Early Adventures and First Brush with the Law (1865–1870)
After the Civil War ended, Wyatt’s older brothers, Newton, James, and Virgil, returned home, and the family relocated to Lamar, Missouri, in 1868. Here, Wyatt’s father became the local constable, and in 1869, Wyatt followed in his father’s footsteps, becoming a constable himself at the age of 21.
However, Wyatt’s early career in law enforcement was marred by controversy. In 1870, he was accused of horse theft in Arkansas, along with two others. The charges were later dropped, but the incident left a stain on his reputation. This experience taught Wyatt the importance of keeping on the right side of the law, but it also gave him insight into the harsh realities of frontier justice.
Marriage, Tragedy, and the Drift Westward (1870–1874)
In 1870, Wyatt married Urilla Sutherland, the daughter of a local hotel owner. Tragically, Urilla died of typhoid fever just months after their marriage, leaving Wyatt devastated. This loss marked a turning point in his life, as he left Missouri and began drifting westward.
Over the next few years, Wyatt worked various jobs, including as a buffalo hunter, teamster, and railway worker. He spent time in the Kansas cattle towns of Wichita and Dodge City, where he first became involved in law enforcement. These towns were known for their lawlessness, and Wyatt quickly gained a reputation for his toughness and ability to maintain order.
Lawman in Kansas: Wichita and Dodge City (1874–1878)
Wyatt Earp’s first significant role as a lawman came in Wichita, Kansas, in 1874. He was appointed as a deputy city marshal and quickly made a name for himself by enforcing the law with a firm hand. However, his tenure in Wichita was cut short after a dispute with a fellow officer led to his dismissal in 1876.
Undeterred, Wyatt moved to Dodge City, Kansas, another rough-and-tumble cow town where he found work as an assistant marshal. Dodge City was a key stop on the cattle drives from Texas, and it attracted its share of gamblers, outlaws, and drifters. Wyatt’s skill in handling these rough elements earned him respect, and he became known for his ability to keep the peace without resorting to unnecessary violence.
During his time in Dodge City, Wyatt formed alliances with other well-known lawmen of the era, including Bat Masterson and Charlie Bassett. These relationships would prove valuable throughout his career.
The Lead-Up to Tombstone (1878–1879)
In 1878, Wyatt Earp left Dodge City and drifted westward again, this time ending up in the silver mining town of Las Vegas, New Mexico, where he briefly served as a lawman. From there, he traveled to various boomtowns in search of fortune, including the gold rush town of Deadwood in the Dakota Territory. His travels eventually took him to Colorado, where he reunited with his brothers.
By 1879, Wyatt and his brothers, Virgil and Morgan, decided to seek new opportunities in the booming silver mining town of Tombstone, Arizona. Along the way, Wyatt stopped in Prescott, Arizona, where he briefly worked as a lawman before continuing on to Tombstone.
Tombstone Arizona
By the time he reached Tombstone in 1879, Earp was already a seasoned lawman with a reputation for being tough and unafraid to take action.
Earp arrived in Tombstone with his brothers Virgil, Morgan, and James, along with their wives. Tombstone was a booming silver mining town, full of opportunities and danger. The Earp brothers quickly became prominent figures in the community, with Virgil serving as Deputy U.S. Marshal.
The Lawman and the Cowboys
Tombstone in the late 1870s and early 1880s was a lawless place, with tensions running high between various factions. The most notorious of these were the Cowboys, a loosely organized group of outlaws and rustlers, many of whom had connections to powerful local interests. The Earps, as lawmen, inevitably clashed with the Cowboys, who saw them as threats to their way of life.
The Cowboys, including Ike Clanton, Tom McLaury, and Frank McLaury, were involved in various illegal activities, from cattle rustling to stagecoach robbery. The Earps, along with their friend John “Doc” Holliday, sought to bring law and order to Tombstone, leading to a simmering feud with the Cowboys.
The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
The most famous event in Wyatt Earp’s time in Tombstone was the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, which took place on October 26, 1881. The confrontation was the culmination of escalating tensions between the Earps and the Cowboys.
On the day of the gunfight, Virgil Earp, as Deputy U.S. Marshal, decided to disarm the Cowboys, who had been making threats against the Earps and Holliday. Wyatt, Virgil, Morgan Earp, and Doc Holliday confronted Ike and Billy Clanton, and Tom and Frank McLaury near the O.K. Corral. The standoff quickly turned violent, and in just 30 seconds, the exchange of gunfire left Billy Clanton and the McLaury brothers dead. Wyatt Earp, famously, was unharmed.
The gunfight became an instant sensation, with newspapers across the country reporting on the event. While the Earps were hailed as heroes by some, they were also criticized by others who saw the Cowboys as victims of excessive force.
The Aftermath and the Vendetta Ride
The O.K. Corral gunfight did not end the violence in Tombstone. In December 1881, Virgil Earp was ambushed and severely wounded by unknown assailants, likely Cowboys. A few months later, in March 1882, Morgan Earp was shot and killed while playing billiards. These attacks enraged Wyatt Earp, who was determined to seek revenge.
Wyatt assembled a posse and embarked on what became known as the “Earp Vendetta Ride.” Over the course of several weeks, Wyatt and his men hunted down and killed several individuals suspected of being involved in the attacks on his brothers. This extrajudicial campaign of retribution further cemented Wyatt Earp’s reputation as a relentless enforcer of frontier justice.
Escape from Tombstone (1882)
Following the famous Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in 1881 and the subsequent events that led to the deaths of his brothers Morgan and Virgil being seriously injured, Wyatt Earp embarked on a vendetta ride against the cowboys he believed were responsible. This culminated in the Earp Vendetta Ride, where Wyatt, alongside a small group of loyalists, pursued and killed several of those he held accountable. By 1882, Earp was wanted for murder in Arizona and had to flee the state to avoid prosecution.
Wanderings in the West (1882-1887)
For the next few years, Wyatt and his common-law wife, Josephine “Josie” Marcus, wandered throughout the West. They spent time in Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, and California. During these years, Wyatt dabbled in various ventures, including law enforcement, mining, and gambling. His reputation as a lawman allowed him to find work in towns where law and order were needed, but he was also involved in several confrontations that further sullied his reputation.
Law Enforcement in San Diego and Alaska (1887-1899)
By the late 1880s, Wyatt and Josie had settled in San Diego, California. San Diego was in the midst of a real estate boom, and Wyatt capitalized on this by investing in properties and operating saloons and gambling halls. He became involved in several legal disputes, and his involvement in the city’s gambling scene was controversial.
In 1897, the Klondike Gold Rush lured Wyatt and Josie to Alaska. They traveled to Nome, where Wyatt once again ran saloons, gambling halls, and even a small brothel. Earp became a deputy U.S. Marshal in Alaska, though this was primarily a title he used to protect his business interests rather than an active law enforcement role. Wyatt’s time in Alaska was marred by legal troubles and accusations of corruption, but he managed to make a small fortune before returning to the lower 48 states.
California and Business Ventures (1899-1920)
After leaving Alaska, Wyatt and Josie returned to California, where they spent the remainder of their lives. They lived in several cities, including San Francisco and Los Angeles. Earp attempted to cash in on his reputation as a lawman, working as a consultant for early Hollywood Westerns and even trying his hand at gold mining in the Mojave Desert.
However, his later years were not as glamorous as his legend might suggest. Wyatt struggled with financial instability and was involved in numerous lawsuits. He also tried to shape his legacy, working with various authors to create a favorable version of his life story, though many of these attempts failed during his lifetime.
Legacy and Death (1920-1929)
Wyatt Earp spent his final years in Los Angeles, where he lived modestly with Josie. Although he was not widely known to the public during his later years, Earp’s legend began to grow, fueled by dime novels and early Hollywood films. He became friends with some early Western actors and filmmakers, who were intrigued by his life story.
Wyatt died on January 13, 1929, at the age of 80 in Los Angeles. Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp was were buried in the Hills of Eternity Cemetery in Colma, California, where Josie later joined him and was buried beside him.
Posthumous Fame
Earp’s fame truly skyrocketed after his death, as authors and filmmakers began to romanticize his life and the events in Tombstone. His image as a quintessential Western lawman, despite the many controversies and morally ambiguous actions in his life, became deeply ingrained in American popular culture. Over the decades, Wyatt Earp has been portrayed as both a hero and a flawed anti-hero in countless books, movies, and television shows, solidifying his place as one of the most iconic figures of the American West.
Newspaper Articles
 San Francisco Examiner – August 9, 1896The following is an article written by famous U. S. Marshall Wyatt Earp, which is printed by the San Francisco Examiner on August 9th, 1896.… |
 The Tombstone Epitaph – March 27, 1882Frank Stilwell On March 27, 1882, The newspaper the Tombstone Epitaph announced the murder of Frank Stilwell in Tucson Arizona. Frank Stilwell was an outlaw… |
 The Tombstone Epitaph, March 20, 1882The Tombstone Epitaph, March 20, 1882 reports of the murder of Tombstone Resident Morgan Earp while playing pool in Tombstone, Arizona. This event followed the… |
 The Tombstone Epitaph, October 27, 1881The following is the original transcript of The Tombstone Epitaph published on October 27, 1881 on the infamous gun fight at the O K Corral… |
 Tombstone Daily Nugget, October 27, 1881The Tombstone Daily Nugget, October 27, 1881 described the the infamous Gunfight at the O K Corral between the Earps and the Clanton faction in… |
Earp Family
 James Cooksey EarpJames Cooksey Earp ( June 28, 1841 - January 25, 1926 ) James Cooksey Earp ( June 28, 1841 - January 25, 1926 ) was… |
 Morgan Seth EarpMorgan Seth Earp, born on April 24, 1851, in Pella, Iowa, was a notable figure of the American Old West, primarily recognized for his association… |
 Virgil Walter EarpVirgil Walter Earp ( July 18, 1843 – October 19, 1905) was born in Lincoln County, Kentucky, was a prominent lawman and frontier figure known for his… |
 Warren Baxter EarpWarren Baxter Earp ( March 9, 1855 - July 6, 1900 ), the youngest of the Earp brothers, was born into a family that would… |
 Wyatt Berry Stapp EarpWyatt Berry Stapp Earp (March 19, 1848 – January 13, 1929) was an American lawman and gambler who became a legendary figure of the Old… |
A Pathway Through Parks
“Bodie, the very sound of that name conjures up images of “The Bad Man From Bodie”, a rough and tumble life, and the harsh climate of a gold mine boomtown of the early West. But to a young park ranger and his wife, fresh out of college, and with a child on the way, it was an intimidating beginning to a 32-year career with California Department of Parks and Recreation.
A PATHWAY THROUGH PARKS follows the career of Ranger Carl S. Chavez and his family as they travel the length and breadth of California from the ghost town of Bodie State Historic Park to the mountains and beaches of Southern California. Each new assignment brings new adventures and challenges as Ranger Chavez promotes up the career ladder to positions on the Central Coast of California, the Sierra Nevada and finally to the redwoods of Northern California at Humboldt Redwoods State Park.
Career decisions must be made which result in advancement, “out of the field”, and into the Management ranks of Regional and Division Headquarters. Yet even these changes do not alter the opportunity for stories and tales of humor and tragedy, joy and sorrow, adventure and routine, and the success and failure that many readers will recognize in their own lives. Anyone who has retired from the workforce, regardless of occupation, will have memories like those found in A PATHWAY THROUGH PARKS.
The author’s experiences will give all those who love the Great Outdoors and enjoy our parks and forests a rare, inside glimpse, not only of the inner workings of park operations, but also, of family life living in parks.
Book Summary
| Title | A Pathway Through Parks |
| Author | Carl S. Chavez |
| Publisher | Trafford |
| Pages | 348 Pages |
Manzanar (Images of America)
Through a collection of vintage photographs, the Images of America series allows readers to explore the history that makes each city, town, or state unique.
East of the rugged Sierra Nevada in California’s Owens Valley lies Manzanar. Founded in 1910 as a fruit-growing colony, it was named in Spanish for the fragrant apple orchards that once filled its spectacularly scenic landscape. Owens Valley Paiute lived there first, followed by white homesteaders and ranchers. But with the onset of World War II came a new identity as the first of 10 “relocation centers” hastily built in 1942 to house 110,000 people of Japanese ancestry, two-thirds of them American citizens, removed from the West Coast. In the face of upheaval and loss, Manzanar’s 10,000 confined residents created parks, gardens, and a functioning wartime community within the camp’s barbed-wire-enclosed square mile of flimsy barracks.
Today Manzanar National Historic Site commemorates this and all of Manzanar’s unique communities.
About the Author
Author Jane Wehrey, a historian and Owens Valley native, also wrote Voices From This Long Brown Land: Oral Recollections of Owens Valley Lives and Manzanar Pasts and has been a consultant, park ranger, and exhibit writer at Manzanar National Historic Site. For this pictorial odyssey through Manzanar’s past, she compiled images from private and museum archives and from an extraordinary wartime record that includes photographs by Ansel Adams, Dorothea Lange, and former Manzanar internee Toyo Miyatake.
Book Summary
| Title | Manzanar (Images of America) |
| Author | Jane Wehrey |
| Publisher | Arcadia Publishing |
| Pages | 128 Pages |
Creek Dogwood (Cornus sericea)
Cornus sericea, commonly known as Redosier Dogwood, Red Twig Dogwood, or American Dogwood, is a deciduous shrub native to North America. It belongs to the family Cornaceae and is known for its striking red stems, especially visible in the winter, which provide ornamental value. This report explores the botanical characteristics, habitat, ecological significance, and uses of Cornus sericea.
Botanical Characteristics
Morphology
- Stems and Bark – The most distinctive feature of Cornus sericea is its bright red stems, which are particularly vibrant in young twigs. The bark is smooth and can be greenish-red in younger branches, turning grayish-brown with age.
- Leaves – The leaves are opposite, simple, and ovate to lanceolate, with a length of 5-12 cm. They have a smooth margin and are characterized by prominent venation. In the fall, the leaves turn a variety of colors including red, purple, and orange.
- Flowers – The flowers are small, creamy-white, and arranged in flat-topped clusters called cymes. Each flower has four petals and blooms from late spring to early summer.
- Fruit – The fruit is a small, white to bluish-white drupe, typically maturing in late summer. These drupes are an important food source for various bird species.
Growth and Reproduction
Cornus sericea can grow up to 1.5-4 meters in height and spreads through both seeds and vegetative means. It readily forms thickets by sending up new shoots from its root system. The plant prefers moist, well-drained soils but can tolerate a range of soil types including wet, clay soils.
Habitat and Distribution
Geographic Range
Cornus sericea is widespread across North America, from Alaska and Newfoundland south to New Mexico and Virginia. It thrives in a variety of habitats including wetlands, stream banks, and forest edges.
Environmental Preferences
This shrub prefers full sun to partial shade and thrives in moist, well-drained soils. It is often found in riparian zones, wetlands, and along the edges of lakes and rivers. Cornus sericea is adaptable to different soil types, including clay and sandy soils, and can tolerate seasonal flooding.
Ecological Significance
Wildlife Habitat
- Birds – The berries of Cornus sericea are a crucial food source for many bird species, including American robins, cedar waxwings, and woodpeckers. The dense thickets provide excellent cover and nesting sites for birds.
- Mammals – Small mammals, such as rabbits and beavers, feed on the bark and stems. The plant’s dense growth offers shelter for various small animals.
Erosion Control
Due to its extensive root system, Cornus sericea is effective in stabilizing soil and preventing erosion, especially along riverbanks and slopes. It is often used in riparian restoration projects for this reason.
Uses
Ornamental Use
Cornus sericea is widely planted as an ornamental shrub for its vibrant red stems, which provide winter interest in gardens and landscapes. It is also used in hedges, windbreaks, and as a natural screen.
Traditional and Medicinal Uses
Indigenous peoples of North America have historically used Cornus sericea for various purposes. The bark and stems were used in basket weaving, and the plant had medicinal applications, such as treating colds, fevers, and diarrhea.
Conservation and Restoration
Due to its ability to thrive in wet environments and stabilize soil, Cornus sericea is utilized in wetland restoration and conservation projects. It helps in maintaining biodiversity and improving water quality by filtering runoff.
Conclusion
Cornus sericea is a versatile and ecologically significant plant with wide-ranging benefits for wildlife, soil stabilization, and ornamental use. Its adaptability to different environments and its role in supporting biodiversity make it an important species in North American flora. Conservation and utilization of this shrub can contribute to sustainable environmental management and restoration efforts.
This report provides a comprehensive overview of Cornus sericea, highlighting its importance in various ecological and practical contexts. Further research and conservation efforts can enhance our understanding and utilization of this valuable plant species.
Resources
Scotty’s Castle (Images of America)
Scotty’s Castle is a study in contrasts, much like its setting in Death Valley. While the castle is known worldwide and has been visited by hundreds of thousands of tourists, many myths persist. It is not a castle, nor was it owned by Walter E. Scott, known as Death Valley Scotty. But the Spanish-style hacienda, also known as Death Valley Ranch, has always been linked to Scott. This book explores the fascinating history of Death Valley Scotty, Albert and Bessie Johnson (the true owners and builders of the castle), and the castle itself from construction to private living quarters to a tourist facility owned and operated by the National Park Service.”
About the Author
Robert P. Palazzo, Death Valley scholar and lifetime member of the area’s natural history association, evokes here in vintage imagery a stark, barren, desolate wasteland that gradually became one of the West’s most iconic destinations. Tapping his extensive private collection of rare photographs, Palazzo shows Death Valley’s geological features, notable personalities, industries, mysteries, and tourism. Though the area has changed little over the last 150 years, the harsh conditions have erased much of the evidence of human occupation. That rare visual record is preserved in these pages.
Book Summary
| Title | Scotty’s Castle (Images of America) |
| Author | Robert P. Palazzo |
| Publisher | Arcadia Publishing |
| Pages | 128 Pages |