Tag: Esmeralda County

Esmeralda County, located in Nevada, is a sparsely populated region known for its rugged desert landscapes and historical mining sites. It is situated in the southwestern part of the state, characterized by vast expanses of arid terrain dotted with sparse vegetation and mountain ranges. The county’s history is deeply intertwined with mining, particularly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries when it experienced a boom due to discoveries of gold, silver, and other minerals. Today, Esmeralda County remains one of the least populated counties in Nevada, maintaining a sense of isolation and tranquility amidst its stark natural beauty. It attracts visitors interested in exploring its mining heritage, stargazing under clear desert skies, and enjoying the solitude of its remote landscapes.

Silver Peak Nevada

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Perched at an elevation of 4,300 feet in the arid embrace of Clayton Valley, Silver Peak stands as a resilient sentinel in Esmeralda County, Nevada—one of the state’s most remote and sparsely populated corners. Nestled along State Route 265, roughly 20 miles south of U.S. Route 6 and 30 miles west of the county seat at Goldfield, this unincorporated community has endured as a mining outpost since 1863, when silver veins first glittered in the volcanic soils of the Silver Peak Range. Flanked by the stark, sage-dotted hills of the Weepah and Montezuma ranges, Silver Peak’s story is one of cyclical booms and busts, from silver fever in the 1860s to the modern lithium renaissance fueling electric vehicle batteries worldwide. With a population hovering around 100 souls as of 2025, the town remains a vital economic hub for Esmeralda County, producing the only commercial lithium in the U.S. and sustaining a legacy etched in ore dust and evaporation ponds. This report traces Silver Peak’s historical arc, weaving in its intricate ties to neighboring settlements, the iron veins of its railroads, and the subterranean promises of its mines.

Silver Peak, Nevada
Silver Peak, Nevada

The Silver Rush: Discovery and Early Boom (1863–1880s)

Silver Peak’s genesis unfolded amid the post-Civil War mineral mania that swept the Great Basin. In 1863, prospectors from the nearby Reese River district, scouring the eastern foothills of the Silver Peak Mountains for salt deposits to aid silver processing elsewhere, stumbled upon rich silver and gold ledges in the canyon walls—ore assaying up to $180 per ton. This serendipitous find, just one year after Esmeralda County’s formation in 1862, ignited the Silver Peak Mining District, drawing a flood of fortune-seekers to the hot springs that would anchor the town site in 1864. By 1865, the Basin Mill & Mining Company had erected Nevada’s first 10-stamp mill, its rhythmic pounding echoing through the valley as it crushed quartz veins laced with argentite and cerargyrite. Expansion followed swiftly: a 20-stamp mill rose by 1867, bolstering output and swelling the camp’s population to several hundred hardy souls—miners, merchants, and families huddled in canvas tents and adobe hovels amid the creosote and alkali flats.

The era’s lawlessness mirrored Nevada’s wild frontier archetype. Saloons overflowed with claim-jumpers and gunmen, while vigilante justice quelled disputes over rich strikes like those on Mineral Ridge, where gold ledges merged the nascent Red Mountain and Silver Peak districts. Yet prosperity flickered; veins pinched out, and by the late 1860s, the camp teetered on abandonment. Revivals in the 1870s, spurred by new milling techniques, briefly restored vigor, but Silver Peak’s isolation—over 200 miles from Virginia City’s Comstock—hampered sustained growth. Early ties to surrounding areas emerged here: wagon trains from Austin (70 miles north) hauled supplies, while the hot springs drew weary travelers from the blossoming boomtown of Goldfield, still decades away.

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Photograph of Silver Peak, Nevada; Title taken from image; postcard - University of Nevada, Reno
Photograph of Silver Peak, Nevada; Title taken from image; postcard – University of Nevada, Reno

Railroads and Revival: Connectivity and the Blair Era (1900s–1920s)

The turn of the century heralded Silver Peak’s most transformative chapter, propelled by rail and corporate ambition. In 1906, the Pittsburgh Silver Peak Gold Mining Company, backed by East Coast investors, consolidated claims across the district, including the storied Mohawk and Vanderbilt mines. To process the low-grade ores, they constructed a monumental 100-stamp cyanide mill—the largest in Nevada—at the company town of Blair, 17.5 miles north in the Big Smoky Valley. Supporting this was the Silver Peak Railroad, a narrow-gauge lifeline completed in July 1906, snaking south from Blair Junction on the Tonopah & Goldfield Railroad (T&G) to the mines.

This 17.5-mile spur, with steam locomotives chugging daily, revolutionized logistics: ore wagons gave way to flatcars hauling thousands of tons annually, while passenger cars ferried workers from Tonopah and Goldfield. Key stops included Blair Junction (a water well and depot, rebuilt after a 1910 fire), Wood Yard (eight miles south, supplying firewood from Italian cordwood operations), and the terminus at Silver Peak itself, where spurs branched to mills and shafts. The T&G connection tied Silver Peak to broader networks: east to Goldfield’s bustling rail hub and west to Tonopah’s silver empire, fostering trade in lumber from Reno and provisions from California via Mina, 40 miles southwest.

Blair boomed as a satellite town—population 500 by 1910—with a post office, hotel, and assay office, its fortunes intertwined with Silver Peak’s mines. The Pittsburgh company’s operations peaked from 1907–1915, yielding millions in gold and silver, but ore depletion and the 1915 mill closure doomed the railroad; tracks were dismantled by 1918, shipped to France for World War I efforts. Blair faded to ghost town status by 1920, its ruins a spectral reminder of rail’s fleeting embrace. Silver Peak, however, persisted, its population dipping to 200 but buoyed by sporadic strikes at the Homestake and Solberry mines.

Nevada State Historic Marker 155

Nevada State Historic Marker 155 -Silver Peak Nevada, Esmeralda County. Photo by James L Rathbun
Nevada State Historic Marker 155 -Silver Peak Nevada, Esmeralda County. Photo by James L Rathbun

Nevada State Historic Markers are a series of plaques and monuments that commemorate significant sites, events, and individuals in the history of Nevada. These markers, scattered throughout the state, provide educational insights into Nevada’s rich and diverse heritage, from its Native American origins and the era of westward expansion to the development of mining towns and modern-day landmarks. Each marker offers a glimpse into the past, detailing historical narratives and cultural milestones that have shaped Nevada’s identity. They serve as accessible, public resources for residents and visitors alike, fostering an appreciation for the state’s historical journey and its contributions to the broader tapestry of American history.

SILVER PEAK
Discovered 1863

Silver Peak is one of the oldest mining areas in Nevada. A 10 stamp mill was built in 1865 and by 1867 a 20 stamp mill was built. Mining camp lawlessness prevailed during the late sixties, and over the next 38 years, Silver Peak had its ups and downs. In 1906 the Pittsburg Silver Peak Gold Mining Company bought a group of properties, constructed the Silver Peak Railroad and built a 100 stamp mill at Blair the following year.

The town, at times, was one of the leading camps in Nevada, but by 1917 it had all but disappeared. The town burned in 1948 and little happened until the Foote Mineral Company began its extraction of lithium from under the floor of Clayton Valley.

Decline, Diversification, and Lithium Dawn (1930s–Present)

The interwar years brought ebbs: the Great Depression shuttered operations, and by 1940, only 59 residents remained. A 1948 fire razed much of the wooden townsite, leaving scorched adobe walls and stone mill foundations as haunting relics. Yet, the 1928 revival on Mineral Ridge—spawning three reduction mills and swelling numbers to 1,200—hinted at resilience. Postwar, innovation pivoted the district: in 1950s, Leprechaun Mining identified lithium in Clayton Valley’s subsurface brines, four times saltier than seawater.

Foote Mineral Company (later Chemetall, now Albemarle) commenced extraction in 1966, reconfiguring old silver mills for solar evaporation ponds that concentrate lithium 50-fold over 18–24 months. By 2010, a $28.4 million U.S. Department of Energy grant doubled capacity, and in 2014, Albemarle’s $6.2 billion acquisition solidified its role. Today, the Silver Peak Lithium Project—pumping brine from 300–2,000 feet deep—employs ~100, yielding 5,000–6,000 tons of lithium carbonate annually, or 1% of global supply, while byproducts include potash and boron. Amid the EV boom, expansions loom, though water scarcity in Clayton Valley sparks tensions with neighbors like Dyer.

Relationships with Surrounding Towns, Train Stops, and Mines

Silver Peak’s narrative is inseparable from its neighbors, forged in shared booms and mutual dependence. Goldfield, 30 miles east, served as the county’s rail and supply nexus post-1904, its Tonopah & Goldfield Railroad funneling workers and ore to Silver Peak via Blair Junction. Tonopah, 30 miles northeast, provided administrative oversight and markets, its high school educating Silver Peak youth since the 1990s. To the southwest, Mina (40 miles) and Benton, California (50 miles), offered rail links to Reno and Los Angeles, hauling machinery during revivals. Dyer, 25 miles south, shares the Silver Peak HMA for wild horses and collaborates on utilities and emergency services via Esmeralda County’s senior transport and fire district. Even Bishop, California (70 miles west), influences through cross-border trade and lithium brine debates.

The Silver Peak Railroad’s brief but pivotal run (1906–1918) defined connectivity: from Blair Junction’s depot—where T&G trains idled amid steam whistles—to Wood Yard’s cordwood sidings and Silver Peak’s ore-loading spurs, it bridged isolation. Today, remnants like graded rights-of-way whisper of this era, paralleling modern SR 265.

The district’s mines form its beating heart. Early veins on Mineral Ridge fed the 1860s mills, while the Mohawk (intermittent producer of 1–2 million ounces silver) and Vanderbilt yielded fortunes for Pittsburgh interests. The Nivloc (backward “Colvin,” staked by Shoshone Tom Fisherman in 1907) and Homestake added gold luster. Lithium’s ascent at Silver Peak Marsh (since 1966) overshadows them, but gold persists at sites like the Solberry.

Current Status

Silver Peak thrives as Esmeralda’s economic anchor, its lithium operations—amid vast evaporation ponds shimmering like turquoise mirages—employing most residents and drawing federal investments for green tech. The population stabilizes at ~120, supported by a post office (ZIP 89047), library, and volunteer fire/ambulance station at 101 S. Main Street. K-8 students attend the local elementary, while high schoolers bus to Tonopah. Tourism stirs: Nevada Historical Marker #155 at SR 265/6 junction draws ghost town aficionados to ruins like the 1860s stone mill walls and Blair’s faded foundations. The 375-foot Clayton Valley cinder cone and Silver Peak caldera allure volcanologists, while the Wild Horse and Burro HMA (242,000 acres) between Silver Peak and Dyer offers eco-adventures.

Challenges persist: water rights disputes shadow lithium expansion, and isolation demands self-reliance, with supplies trucked from Dyer or Goldfield. Yet, as global demand surges, Silver Peak—never quite a ghost town—endures, its brines a bridge from Comstock silver to tomorrow’s batteries. For visits, SR 265 offers a rugged 3-hour drive from Reno; consult BLM maps for mine safety.

Silver Peak Map

Town Summary

NameSilver Peak, Nevada
LocationEsmeralda County, Nevada
Latitude, Longitude37.755, -117.635
GNIS845661
Elevation1317 meters / 4321 feet
Current Population@100

Resources

Palmetto Nevada – Esmeralda County Ghost Town

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In the desolate expanse of Esmeralda County, Nevada—where the Silver Peak Range meets the stark horizon of the Great Basin—lie the weathered remnants of Palmetto, a ghost town that embodies the ephemeral pulse of the Silver Rush era. Founded in 1866 amid the feverish scramble for mineral wealth that followed the Comstock Lode’s discovery, Palmetto’s name whimsically derives from a prospectors’ misidentification of local Joshua trees as relatives of the palmetto palms, evoking a touch of Southern nostalgia in this arid frontier. Situated at approximately 37.44°N, 117.69°W and an elevation of about 7,000 feet, Palmetto straddles the Nevada-California border, roughly 20 miles south of Silver Peak, 30 miles west of Lida, and 45 miles southwest of Goldfield—the county seat. This remote outpost, once a hive of stamped mills and tent cities, flickered through three booms and busts, its fate intertwined with the veins of silver, gold, and lead that laced the surrounding mountains. Today, it stands as a skeletal archive of stone ruins and mine adits, a testament to the relentless optimism and inevitable decay that defined Nevada’s mining heritage. This report traces Palmetto’s turbulent history, its symbiotic bonds with neighboring camps like Lida and Silver Peak, the vital role of railroad spurs in sustaining its operations, and the mines that both birthed and buried it.

Tent business in Palmetto, 1906
Tent business in Palmetto, 1906

Palmetto, Nevada: A Descriptive History Report

Introduction

In the desolate expanse of Esmeralda County, Nevada—where the Silver Peak Range meets the stark horizon of the Great Basin—lie the weathered remnants of Palmetto, a ghost town that embodies the ephemeral pulse of the Silver Rush era. Founded in 1866 amid the feverish scramble for mineral wealth that followed the Comstock Lode’s discovery, Palmetto’s name whimsically derives from a prospectors’ misidentification of local Joshua trees as relatives of the palmetto palms, evoking a touch of Southern nostalgia in this arid frontier. Situated at approximately 37.44°N, 117.69°W and an elevation of about 7,000 feet, Palmetto straddles the Nevada-California border, roughly 20 miles south of Silver Peak, 30 miles west of Lida, and 45 miles southwest of Goldfield—the county seat. This remote outpost, once a hive of stamped mills and tent cities, flickered through three booms and busts, its fate intertwined with the veins of silver, gold, and lead that laced the surrounding mountains. Today, it stands as a skeletal archive of stone ruins and mine adits, a testament to the relentless optimism and inevitable decay that defined Nevada’s mining heritage. This report traces Palmetto’s turbulent history, its symbiotic bonds with neighboring camps like Lida and Silver Peak, the vital role of railroad spurs in sustaining its operations, and the mines that both birthed and buried it.

The Spark of Discovery and Early Booms (1866–1870s)

Palmetto’s origins trace to the post-Civil War mineral frenzy that swept westward from Virginia City’s Comstock Lode. In 1866, three prospectors—H.W. Bunyard, Thomas Israel, and T.W. McNutt—stumbled upon rich silver deposits while exploring the southern flanks of the Silver Peak Range, north of what would become the townsite. Mistaking the region’s iconic Joshua trees (Yucca brevifolia) for palmettos—a nod to their likely Southern roots—they christened the new mining district and camp “Palmetto.” The find ignited a brief frenzy: by year’s end, a 12-stamp mill rose on the site, its rhythmic pounding echoing through the canyon as it processed ore into bullion bars. Yet, the veins proved shallow and sparse; the mill idled for lack of feed, and by 1867, the camp lay abandoned, its tents shredded by desert winds and its hopefuls scattering to fresher strikes.

A second flicker came in the late 1860s, spurred by the broader Esmeralda boom. The New York and Silver Peak Mining Company, under Colonel B.M. Catherwood, relocated a 12-stamp mill from nearby Silver Peak to Palmetto in 1868, employing 50–60 workers to extract the ore. On January 16, 1869, the mill shipped its first three bullion bars, valued at $4,600 (equivalent to about $89,000 today), a fleeting triumph amid the creak of ore wagons and the acrid smoke of smelters. Palmetto’s early economy leaned heavily on its neighbors: supplies flowed from Silver Peak, just 20 miles north, where ranchers and freighters provided foodstuffs and water from the well-irrigated valley below. Stage roads connected the camp to Wadsworth on the Central Pacific Railroad, 200 miles north, for shipping bullion eastward. But as before, the ore pinched out, and Catherwood’s mill fell silent by 1870, its machinery rusting under relentless sun as prospectors decamped to Candelaria or Bodie.

Revival, Bust, and the Shadow of the Rails (1880s–1900s)

The 1880s brought Palmetto’s most sustained vitality, a modest renaissance fueled by deeper veins and persistent lessees. The McNamara Mine emerged as a flagship, yielding enough silver and lead to sustain a small town of stone-and-adobe structures quarried from local rock—enduring edifices that outlasted many canvas boomtowns. Postal service commenced on April 24, 1888, a lifeline to the outside world, but by June 7, 1894, the veins faltered again, and mail routed to Lida, 30 miles east, where a burgeoning camp offered better prospects. This period cemented Palmetto’s relational web: Lida, born in 1871 as an outgrowth of the Aurora boom, served as a supply hub and milling center, its valley springs piping water to Goldfield via a 1905 aqueduct that indirectly benefited Palmetto’s intermittent operations. Silver Peak, with its 1860s origins, provided agricultural support—hay, grain, and livestock from its ranches sustaining Palmetto’s teams of mules hauling ore southward.

Railroads, the arteries of Nevada’s mining veins, played a pivotal yet indirect role in Palmetto’s fate. The Carson and Colorado Railroad (C&C), a narrow-gauge line chartered in 1880 to link Carson City’s mills to southern ore fields, snaked through Esmeralda County from Mound House southward, reaching Candelaria by 1882 and Hawthorne by 1883. Though Palmetto itself lacked a direct station—its remoteness in the Palmetto Mountains (also known as Pigeon Springs District) precluded easy access—the C&C’s spurs and connections were lifelines. Ore from Palmetto’s mines, including the McNamara, was freighted by wagon to Lida or Silver Peak, then railed south on the C&C’s Hawthorne-Candelaria branch for milling in Benton or Keeler, California, 100 miles distant. By 1900, Southern Pacific’s acquisition of the C&C boosted efficiency, but Palmetto’s isolation—far from the line’s main artery—hastened its decline as haulers favored rail-proximate camps.

Palmetto’s third and grandest boom erupted in 1903, riding the Tonopah-Goldfield wave that flooded Esmeralda with speculators. J.G. Fesler’s discovery in the Windypah section reopened old shafts and birthed new ones, swelling the population to 200 in a tent city half a mile west of the original site. A mile-long commercial strip materialized: assay offices run by Goldfield’s Mare Latham and Columbia’s Nesbitt Brothers, saloons alive with miners’ ditties, general stores stocked via Lida Junction, restaurants serving venison and beans, lumber yards for shoring timbers, feed stables for ore wagons, and doctors’ tents patching dynamite wounds. The Palmetto Herald, a weekly gazette, launched in February 1906, chronicling strikes and scandals until its demise that autumn. Postal service resumed on December 16, 1905, but by fall 1906, as high-grade ore dwindled, the tide reversed: miners trekked to Silver Peak’s borax works or Blair’s railhead, buildings dismantled and relocated to Lida, and mail rerouted there on December 31, 1907. The Tonopah and Goldfield Railroad (T&G), completed in 1905 from Tonopah to Goldfield, indirectly siphoned talent eastward, its spurs to mills like Miller’s (10 miles west of Tonopah) offering faster ore transport than Palmetto’s wagon trails.

The Mines: Veins of Fortune and Forlorn Hope

Palmetto’s lifeblood coursed from its mines, clustered in the Palmetto (or Pigeon Springs) Mining District, a rugged 7,641-foot-high expanse of volcanic tuffs and Paleozoic limestones honeycombed with silver-lead-gold veins. The flagship Palmetto Mine, a silver-lead prospect, featured shafts and adits yielding modest tonnages, while the McNamara churned out bars in the 1880s. The 1903–1906 surge spotlighted the Windypah group—high-grade pockets worked by lessees on the Palmetto Consolidated claims—and the Cypress Mine, with its 860-foot tunnel and 76-foot shaft sunk by 1913. Total output hovered around $1 million (in period dollars), a pittance compared to Tonopah’s millions, but enough to sustain brief opulence. Post-1907, activity sputtered: a 1920 mill revival fizzled, and sporadic leasing through the 1970s extracted talc from nearby deposits, Nevada’s “soapstone” prized for ceramics. Modern claimants, like Smooth Rock Ventures’ 116 unpatented lodes (2,117 acres) since 2020, probe for gold in the Walker Lane trend, with inferred resources of 300,000 ounces Au, but surface scars—rusted headframes, tailings piles, and collapsed adits—dominate the landscape.

Nevada State Historic Marker

Thinking that local joshua trees were related to palm trees, the 1866 prospectors named the mining camp Palmetto. The town “died” and revived three times.

New prospecting in 1903 caused Palmetto to grow to a town of 200 tents on a platted townsite. At its peak year, 1906, the commercial street, over 1/2 mile long, contained all the necessary mining camp businesses.

Local miners drifted away in autumn, 1906. Mining, on a lease basis, has been minimal since that time. An important talc deposit lies nearby.

Nevada State Historic Marker #158

Decline, Desertion, and Enduring Ties (1910s–Present)

By the 1910s, Palmetto was a whisper: the C&C’s 1905 gauge conversion to standard from Mound House to Mina bypassed its feeder trails, and the T&G’s booms in Tonopah (70 miles northeast) and Goldfield drew away labor and capital. Surrounding towns absorbed its remnants—Lida inherited buildings and mail, Silver Peak its ranching underbelly—while Gold Point, 19 miles north, echoed similar silver woes. The Great Depression and World War II sealed its ghost status, though talc mining and uranium whispers in the 1950s offered false dawns.

As of December 2025, Palmetto endures on BLM land as Nevada State Historic Marker #158, its stone walls—partially collapsed but defiantly upright—guarding yawning shafts and scattered relics like ore carts and assay bottles. Accessible via a rough dirt track off State Route 168 (30 miles west of Lida Junction on SR 266), the site draws hardy explorers in high-clearance vehicles, who navigate creosote-dotted washes under vast skies. No services exist—bring water, fuel, and caution for unstable mines—but its ties persist: Lida’s ranches supply modern travelers, Silver Peak’s lithium operations (revived in the 2010s) hum 20 miles north, and Goldfield’s courthouse archives Palmetto’s ledgers. Recent X posts from November 2025 laud drone shots of its ruins at golden hour, dubbing it “Esmeralda’s forgotten jewel” amid #NevadaGhostTowns trends. In this eternal boomtown graveyard, Palmetto whispers of rails that came too late and fortunes that fled too soon, a spectral bridge between Nevada’s wild past and its unyielding present. For access updates, consult Nevada’s Division of State Parks or BLM Tonopah Field Office.

Palmetto Trail Map

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True Fissure Newspaper

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The True Fissure newspaper was a weekly newspaper published in Candelaria, Nevada, a mining town in Esmeralda County that thrived during the silver boom of the late 19th century. Operating from June 5, 1880, to December 4, 1886, the newspaper served as a vital source of information for the local mining community, reflecting the economic, political, and social dynamics of a bustling yet transient mining town. This report explores the historical context, content, ownership, and legacy of the True Fissure, drawing on available records to provide a comprehensive overview.

Historical Context

Candelaria emerged as a significant mining town in the 1860s and 1870s following the discovery of silver deposits. By the early 1880s, it was a hub of mining activity, with a peak population of around 1,500 residents, several saloons, general stores, and a post office. The town’s economy was heavily tied to silver mining, particularly the Northern Belle Mine, which drove local prosperity. However, like many Nevada mining towns, Candelaria’s fortunes were volatile, subject to the boom-and-bust cycles of the mining industry.

Newspapers played a critical role in such communities, serving as a medium for local news, mining updates, political discourse, and advertisements. The True Fissure, named after a mining term referring to a genuine vein of ore, embodied the spirit of Candelaria’s mining culture and its Republican political leanings. Its establishment coincided with a period of relative stability in Candelaria, though the town’s decline in the mid-1880s would ultimately lead to the newspaper’s closure.

Publication and Operations

The True Fissure began publication on June 5, 1880, as a weekly newspaper, with its final issue published on December 4, 1886. According to historical records, the newspaper was published every Saturday, providing regular updates to the community. It was housed in Candelaria, a town strategically located to serve miners, merchants, and residents of the surrounding region.

The newspaper’s owner and editor, John Dormer, was a prominent figure in Nevada’s political landscape. Dormer leveraged the True Fissure to promote Republican ideals, which resonated with many in the mining community. His editorial influence helped him secure election as Nevada’s Secretary of State in 1882, a position he held through reelection in 1886, coinciding with the newspaper’s final year. The True Fissure’s Republican stance made it a platform for political advocacy, likely featuring editorials and articles that supported Republican candidates and policies during state and local elections.

Content and Role

As a mining-town newspaper, the True Fissure likely covered a range of topics relevant to Candelaria’s residents, including:

  • Mining News: Updates on local mining operations, such as production figures from the Northern Belle Mine, new claims, or technological advancements in ore processing.
  • Local Events: Reports on community activities, such as social gatherings, town meetings, or incidents like fires or accidents, common in mining towns.
  • Politics: Editorials and coverage of state and local politics, reflecting the newspaper’s Republican alignment and Dormer’s political ambitions.
  • Advertisements: Ads for local businesses, such as general stores, saloons, or mining equipment suppliers, which were essential for the newspaper’s revenue.
  • General News: Broader regional or national news, often reprinted from larger newspapers, to keep residents informed of events beyond Candelaria.

The True Fissure served as a booster for Candelaria, promoting the town’s economic prospects and encouraging investment in its mining industry, a common practice among Nevada newspapers of the era. Its role as a community anchor would have been particularly important in a remote mining town, where access to timely information was limited.

Archival Availability

Historical issues of the True Fissure are preserved on microfilm at institutions such as the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) Libraries, which hold copies from January 1, 1881, to December 4, 1886. The Nevada State Library, Archives and Public Records also maintains a microfilm collection of historical newspapers, including the True Fissure, available for viewing during library hours. Researchers can access these microfilms on-site and save images to a flash drive. Some issues may also be available through electronic databases, such as those accessible with a Nevada State Library card.

Additionally, the Library of Congress’s Chronicling America project includes bibliographic information on the True Fissure, confirming its publication run and providing context alongside other Nevada newspapers. Researchers interested in specific articles or issues can consult these archives or contact the Nevada Historical Society, which houses extensive newspaper collections.

Decline and Closure

The True Fissure ceased publication on December 4, 1886, as Candelaria’s economic fortunes waned. The decline of silver mining in the region, coupled with falling silver prices and the exhaustion of easily accessible ore, led to a population exodus. By the late 1880s, Candelaria was transitioning into a ghost town, unable to sustain businesses or institutions like the True Fissure. The newspaper’s closure reflects the broader challenges faced by mining-town newspapers, which were heavily dependent on local economic stability.

Legacy

The True Fissure is a valuable historical artifact for understanding life in Nevada’s mining towns during the late 19th century. Its coverage offers insights into the economic aspirations, political dynamics, and social fabric of Candelaria. The newspaper’s association with John Dormer highlights the role of editors in shaping local and state politics, a common phenomenon in frontier journalism. Furthermore, its preservation on microfilm ensures that researchers and genealogists can access its content to study Nevada’s mining history, local governance, and community life.

The True Fissure also exemplifies the transient nature of mining-town newspapers, many of which folded as their communities declined. Its story is part of Nevada’s broader journalistic tradition, characterized by colorful and influential publications like the Territorial Enterprise and the Reese River Reveille, which similarly documented the rise and fall of mining towns.

Conclusion

The True Fissure was more than a local newspaper; it was a reflection of Candelaria’s brief but vibrant existence as a silver-mining hub. Under John Dormer’s editorship, it played a significant role in promoting Republican politics and boosting the town’s image. Though its publication run was short, its preserved issues remain a critical resource for historians and genealogists. The True Fissure stands as a testament to the resilience and ambition of Nevada’s mining communities, capturing a fleeting moment in the state’s history before fading with the town it served.

Sources

  • Nevada State Library, Archives and Public Records: Newspapers, Periodicals, & Microfilm.
  • UNLV University Libraries: Nevada Newspapers on Microfilm.
  • A guide to Nevada’s strangest newspaper names.
  • The True Fissure (Candelaria, Nev.) 1880-1886 | Library of Congress.
  • History of Nevada Journalism | ONE.
  • Preserving the past | NEVADA DIGITAL NEWSPAPER PROJECT.

Columbus Nevada State Historic Marker #20

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Columbus, Nevada, was a short-lived but significant mining boomtown in Esmeralda County, located on the edge of the Columbus Salt Marsh. Established in 1865, the town emerged as a hub for silver, gold, and borax mining, reaching its peak in the mid-1870s before declining into a ghost town by the 1880s. This report explores the town’s origins, economic activities, peak prosperity, decline, and lasting legacy, drawing on historical records and archaeological evidence.

Columbus Nevada Late 1870s
Columbus Nevada Late 1870s

Origins and Early Development (1863–1871)

The history of Columbus began in 1863 when Spanish prospectors discovered silver in the region. Two years later, in 1865, American settlers established the Columbus mining camp to exploit nearby gold and silver deposits. The town’s strategic location, with access to sufficient water for milling operations, made it an ideal site for a stamp mill, which was relocated from Aurora in 1866. By this time, Columbus had approximately 200 residents and a post office, marking its early growth as a mining settlement. The discovery of salt in the adjacent alkali flat also contributed to the town’s early economy.

Rise to Prosperity (1871–1875)

The discovery of borax in 1871 by William Troop at the nearby Columbus Salt Marsh transformed the town’s fortunes. Borax, a valuable mineral used in detergents and industrial processes, attracted significant investment. By 1873, four companies, including the prominent Pacific Borax Company, were actively mining and shipping borax from the area. The Pacific Borax Company constructed facilities approximately five miles south of the town, further boosting economic activity.

By 1875, Columbus reached its zenith, with an estimated population of 1,000. The town boasted a range of amenities, including:

  • A post office
  • A weekly newspaper, The Borax Miner
  • An adobe school
  • An iron foundry
  • General stores and other businesses

The town’s infrastructure and services reflected its status as a thriving mining center. During this period, Columbus competed with other regional hubs for freight traffic, with a wagon road built by Carson City residents to connect the town to the state’s only railroad line. However, competing routes, such as the Wadsworth road, often diverted traffic, highlighting the competitive dynamics of Nevada’s mining economy.

Decline and Abandonment (1875–1899)

The prosperity of Columbus was short-lived. In 1875, the Pacific Borax Company relocated its operations to a larger plant in Fish Lake Valley, 30 miles south, triggering the town’s decline. By 1880, the population had plummeted to around 100, supporting only a dozen businesses. Mining and milling activities ceased entirely by the mid-1880s, and the town was largely abandoned.

Efforts to sustain the town included horse racing organized by the Columbus Jockey Club, which built a track and grandstand, and a soap factory established in 1881. However, these ventures failed to reverse the decline. The post office, a symbol of the town’s viability, closed on March 2, 1899, marking the end of Columbus as a functioning community. Sporadic mining activities continued in the area, including operations at Calmville (seven miles south) in the 1890s and a cyanide plant in the 1950s, but these did not revive the town.

Archaeological and Historical Significance

Today, the remnants of Columbus lie on the edge of the Columbus Salt Marsh, approximately five miles southwest of U.S. Highway 95. Archaeological evidence, including foundations and tanks from later mining operations, provides insight into the town’s industrial past. The Nevada State Historical Marker No. 20, though difficult to locate, commemorates Columbus’s history. The site is also noted for its geological significance, with the Columbus Salt Marsh recognized as a physical feature in Esmeralda County.

Historical records, such as those from the Nevada State Archives and the Nevada Historical Society, preserve documentation of Columbus’s role in Nevada’s mining history. The town’s brief prominence is further documented in works like Stanley W. Paher’s Nevada Ghost Towns & Mining Camps and Hugh A. Shamberger’s The Story of Candelaria and Its Neighbors.

Legacy

Columbus, Nevada, exemplifies the boom-and-bust cycle characteristic of 19th-century Western mining towns. Its rapid rise and fall reflect the volatile nature of resource-dependent economies, particularly in the arid Great Basin region. The town’s contributions to borax mining, a precursor to Nevada’s broader mineral industry, underscore its historical importance. While little remains of Columbus today, its story continues to inform studies of Nevada’s frontier history and the environmental and economic challenges faced by early settlers.

Conclusion

Columbus, Nevada, was a fleeting but vibrant chapter in the state’s mining history. From its founding in 1865 to its peak in 1875 and subsequent decline, the town encapsulated the aspirations and hardships of Nevada’s early mining communities. Its legacy endures through historical records, archaeological sites, and its role in shaping the region’s economic and cultural landscape.

Nevada State Historic Marker 20 Text

The remnants of Columbus are located on the edge of the Columbus salt marsh, five miles to the southwest.

The town was initially settled in 1865, when a quartz mill was erected at the site.  This was a favorable location for a mill, because it was the only spot for several miles around where water was in sufficient quantity for operation.

The full importance of Columbus was not recognized until 1871, when William Troop discovered borax in the locality.  Shortly thereafter, four borax companies were actively engaged in working the deposits on the marsh.

Columbus probably enjoyed its most prosperous time in about 1875, when the population was reported to have reached 1,000.  That year, the town had many kinds of business establishments, including a post office and a newspaper, The Borax Miner.

In 1881, about 100 people were left after the borax operations had practically ceased.  All mining and milling stopped entirely shortly after that time.

STATE HISTORICAL MARKER No. 20
STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICE

Nevada State Historic Marker Map

Nevada State Historic Marker Summary

Nevada State Historical Markers identify significant places of interest in Nevada’s history. The Nevada State Legislature started the program in 1967 to bring the state’s heritage to the public’s attention with on-site markers. Budget cuts to the program caused the program to become dormant in 2009. Many of the markers are lost of damaged.

ID20
NameColumbus, Nevada
LoctaionEsmeralda Couty, Nevada
Latitude, Longitude38.1496,-117.9472

References

Southern Nevada Consolidated Telegraph Company

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The Southern Nevada Consolidated Telephone- Telegraph Company Building is located in Goldfield, Nevada and Nevada State Historic Marker #242. Photo by James L Rathbun
The Southern Nevada Consolidated Telephone- Telegraph Company Building is located in Goldfield, Nevada and Nevada State Historic Marker #242. Photo by James L Rathbun

The Southern Nevada Consolidated Telephone-Telegraph Company (SNCTTC) played a pivotal role in the communications infrastructure of Goldfield, Nevada, during its gold rush boom from 1902 to the early 1920s. Housed in a modest, single-story stone building at 206 East Ramsey Street, the company operated as the communications hub of Goldfield from 1906 to 1963. Designated Nevada Historical Marker No. 242, the building is part of the Goldfield Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. This report outlines the company’s history, its significance in the context of Goldfield’s prosperity, the building’s architectural features, and its enduring legacy as a preserved relic of Nevada’s mining era.

Historical Background

Goldfield’s emergence as a major gold-producing center began in 1902 when prospectors Harry Stimler and William Marsh discovered rich ore deposits, leading to a population boom that peaked at over 20,000 by 1907. During this period, Goldfield was Nevada’s largest city, boasting four railroads, electric lights, and other modern amenities, including a burgeoning telephone and telegraph network. The Southern Nevada Consolidated Telephone-Telegraph Company was established to meet the growing demand for rapid communication, critical for coordinating mining operations, stock trading, and social connections in a bustling boomtown.

Telephone and telegraph lines first extended from Tonopah to Goldfield in January 1904, laying the groundwork for the company’s operations. The SNCTTC building, constructed in 1905, became operational as the communications center by 1906, though some sources note 1908 as the start of its primary use. By mid-1907, at the height of Goldfield’s boom, the company’s services were indispensable, linking miners, investors, and businesses in real time. Notably, Jim Casey, co-founder of United Parcel Service (UPS), operated a messenger service from the building in 1906, highlighting its role as a nexus of early entrepreneurial activity.

Goldfield’s fortunes declined after 1910 as gold production fell from $8.4 million in 1907 to $5 million by 1912. A flash flood in 1913 damaged infrastructure, and a catastrophic fire in 1923 destroyed 53 blocks of downtown, sparing only a few stone buildings, including the SNCTTC’s. Despite these setbacks, the company continued operations, serving a shrinking population through the mid-20th century. By 1963, advancements in telecommunications and Goldfield’s diminished status—its population dropping to under 300—led to the cessation of the company’s services in the building. Today, Esmeralda County, with Goldfield as its seat, remains the area’s largest employer.

Architectural Features

The SNCTTC building is a small but well-preserved example of early 20th-century commercial architecture, designed for functionality and durability. Its key features include:

  • Exterior: The one-story structure, measuring approximately 20 by 30 feet, is constructed of local sandstone, giving it a sturdy, fire-resistant quality that allowed it to survive the 1923 fire. The facade features a single door flanked by two windows, with a simple, unadorned design typical of utilitarian buildings in mining towns. A Nevada Historical Marker is mounted to the left of the entrance.
  • Interior: Though not extensively documented, the interior likely housed telegraph and telephone equipment, operator stations, and minimal furnishings suited to a working office. Its compact size suggests efficient use of space for communication operations.
  • Craftsmanship: The building’s stonework reflects the skill of turn-of-the-century craftsmen, with neatly cut blocks and solid construction that have withstood decades of neglect and environmental wear.

Located near the Goldfield Consolidated Mines Company Building and the Curtis and Ish Building, the SNCTTC structure contrasts with their larger scale, emphasizing its modest but essential role. Its survival as one of only five pre-1923 commercial buildings in Goldfield underscores its architectural and historical value.

Cultural and Historical Significance

The Southern Nevada Consolidated Telephone-Telegraph Company was integral to Goldfield’s economic and social fabric during its boom years (1904–1910). Telephones and telegraphs enabled instant communication, crucial for mining companies coordinating operations, investors trading shares on the Goldfield Stock Exchange, and residents connecting with the outside world. At its peak, Goldfield’s infrastructure rivaled larger cities, and the SNCTTC facilitated this modernity, linking the town to Tonopah, Reno, and beyond.

The building’s survival through natural disasters and economic decline symbolizes Goldfield’s resilience. Its designation as Nevada Historical Marker No. 242, erected by the State Historic Preservation Office and the Central Nevada Historical Society, recognizes its role as an “unspoiled expression of the work of turn-of-the-century craftsmen” and a testament to the business life of the Tonopah-Goldfield region when mines produced millions, bringing prosperity to Nevada. The company’s operations from 1906 to 1963 also reflect the evolution of communication technology, from manual switchboards to automated systems, bridging the gap between the Wild West and the modern era.

Culturally, the SNCTTC building contributes to Goldfield’s identity as a “living ghost town.” It attracts historians, tourists, and preservationists exploring the Goldfield Historic District, alongside landmarks like the Esmeralda County Courthouse and Goldfield Hotel. Its association with Jim Casey adds a layer of intrigue, tying it to broader American entrepreneurial history. Unlike the nearby Goldfield Hotel, the SNCTTC building carries no paranormal lore, grounding its significance in tangible history rather than myth.

Current Status

As of April 2025, the SNCTTC building remains standing at 206 East Ramsey Street, within the Goldfield Historic District. It is no longer operational as a communications center and is privately owned, with limited public access. The structure is in good condition, its sandstone exterior largely intact, though it sees minimal use beyond its historical designation. The Nevada Historical Marker ensures visibility to visitors, and the Goldfield Historical Society promotes its significance through walking tours and events like Goldfield Days, held annually in August.

Goldfield’s small population (approximately 250) and remote location pose challenges for preservation, but the building faces no immediate threats. Its proximity to other historic sites, such as the courthouse (0.1 miles away) and the Goldfield Community Center (500 feet away), enhances its appeal as part of a broader historical narrative. Tourism, driven by interest in Nevada’s mining heritage and attractions like the International Car Forest, supports ongoing efforts to maintain such landmarks, though funding relies heavily on donations and grants.

Nevada State Historic Marker 242

This building was the communications center of Goldfield from 1908 until 1963.  The Consolidated Telephone-Telegraph Company Building was one of the few spared by a fire that destroyed 53 blocks of the downtown area in 1923.  Today, this building survives as an unspoiled expression of the work of turn-of-the-century craftsman, and serves as an example of the business life in the Tonopah-Goldfield area from the years when the mines were producing millions and bringing new prosperity to Nevada.  From 1904 to 1910, the gold mines of the region boomed.  With more than 15,000 people, Goldfield was the largest city in Nevada during that period, having four railroads and other modern conveniences.  The town was damaged by a flash flood in 1913 and mining was in decline, so many people left the area.  The fire of 1923 caused the remaining residents to leave.  Today the largest employer in Goldfield is Esmeralda County.

STATE HISTORIC MARKER NO.  242

STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICE

CENTRAL NEVADA HISTORICAL SOCIETY

Marker Summary

NameSouthern Nevada Consolidated Telegraph Company
LocationEsmeralda County, Nevada
Nevada State Historic Marker242
Latitude, Longitude37.7093, -117.2352

Conclusion

The Southern Nevada Consolidated Telephone-Telegraph Company was a vital cog in Goldfield’s gold rush machinery, providing essential communication services from 1906 to 1963. Its unassuming stone building, built in 1905, survived floods, fires, and economic decline to stand as one of Goldfield’s few remaining pre-1923 structures. As Nevada Historical Marker No. 242, it embodies the craftsmanship and ambition of a boomtown that briefly outshone all others in the state. The company’s legacy lies in its facilitation of Goldfield’s prosperity, connecting a remote desert town to the wider world during an era of unprecedented wealth. Today, the building serves as a quiet monument to Nevada’s mining past, preserved for future generations to explore within the Goldfield Historic District.

Recommendations

  • Preservation Efforts: Encourage the Goldfield Historical Society to seek grants, such as those from the National Park Service’s Save America’s Treasures program, to fund maintenance and protect the building’s stonework from weathering.
  • Public Access: Develop guided tours or interpretive signage to educate visitors about the company’s role, enhancing the building’s visibility without compromising its integrity.
  • Historical Research: Support archival studies to uncover more details about the company’s operations, such as employee records or equipment used, to enrich its narrative.
  • Tourism Promotion: Integrate the SNCTTC building into regional heritage trails, linking it with Tonopah’s Mizpah Hotel and Rhyolite’s ghost town to attract more visitors to Central Nevada.

Sources