On July 4, 1910, in Reno, Nevada, the “Fight of the Century” took place between Jack Johnson, the first African American World Heavyweight Champion, and James J. Jeffries, the former undefeated heavyweight champion who came out of retirement to challenge him. This boxing match was more than a sporting event; it was a cultural and racial flashpoint in early 20th-century America, reflecting deep-seated racial tensions and societal divides. The fight, held in a specially constructed arena, drew unprecedented attention and had far-reaching consequences, including race riots across the United States.
Background
Jack Johnson, known as the “Galveston Giant,” won the heavyweight title in 1908 by defeating Tommy Burns in Sydney, Australia, becoming the first Black man to hold the prestigious title. His victory was a source of pride for African Americans but provoked outrage among many white Americans, who viewed his success as a challenge to racial hierarchies. Johnson’s flamboyant personality, confidence, and refusal to conform to societal expectations further fueled animosity, with the press often portraying him negatively.
James J. Jeffries, nicknamed “The Boilermaker,” was a white former champion who retired undefeated in 1904. Persuaded by promoter Tex Rickard and driven by societal pressure to “reclaim the title for the white race,” Jeffries came out of retirement. He publicly stated his intention was to prove “a white man is better than a Negro,” earning him the moniker “Great White Hope.” At 35 years old, Jeffries had not fought in six years and needed to lose over 100 pounds to return to fighting weight, raising questions about his physical readiness.
The fight was heavily promoted by Tex Rickard and John Gleason, who secured a purse of $101,000, with the winner initially set to receive 75% and the loser 25%, though the split was later adjusted to 60/40 at Johnson’s suggestion. Both fighters also received a $10,000 signing bonus and shares of the film rights, which promised significant revenue. The event was moved from San Francisco to Reno after California’s governor banned it due to moral and religious objections, highlighting the controversial nature of boxing at the time.
The Build-Up
The lead-up to the fight was charged with racial rhetoric. The press framed it as a clash of civilizations, with Jeffries as the representative of white supremacy and Johnson as a symbol of Black defiance. Author Jack London, who had covered Johnson’s victory over Burns, called for Jeffries to restore the title to the “white race,” while a New York Times editorial warned that a Johnson victory could embolden African Americans to seek “more than mere physical equality.” Such coverage amplified racial tensions and drew global attention, with over 500 media members reporting from Reno.
The fight attracted a crowd of over 18,000, with estimates ranging up to 22,000, who gathered in a purpose-built wooden amphitheater on East 4th Street in Reno, Washoe County, near the Southern Pacific railroad tracks. Spectators arrived by buggy, automobile, rail, and streetcar, with nine cameramen capturing the event for film distribution. The atmosphere was tense, with strict security measures prohibiting guns, alcohol, and even apples to prevent violence. Betting odds favored Jeffries at 10–7, reflecting public confidence in his victory despite his long hiatus.
Johnson, known for his charisma, soaked up the spotlight during training at Rick’s Resort, often joking with his camp, while Jeffries trained quietly at Moana Springs, avoiding media attention. Prominent figures like John L. Sullivan, who predicted Johnson’s skill would prevail unless he faltered, added to the hype. The stage was set for a historic confrontation.
The Fight
On July 4, 1910, under the scorching Nevada sun, the fight commenced before a predominantly white crowd of over 12,000, with some estimates suggesting up to 20,000 spectators. Johnson, at 32, was in peak physical condition, while Jeffries, heavier and slower, struggled to keep pace. From the opening bell, Johnson dominated with his superior speed, footwork, and defensive prowess, frustrating Jeffries’ attempts to land significant blows.
By the 12th round, Jeffries was visibly battered, his face swollen and bleeding, with Johnson’s taunts and precise punches wearing him down. Reports suggest Johnson prolonged the fight, possibly to maximize the film’s revenue potential or to punish Jeffries, though he later denied such claims. In the 15th round, Johnson knocked Jeffries down twice for the first time in his career. After a third knockdown sent Jeffries through the ropes, his corner threw in the towel to prevent a knockout, ending the fight. Johnson was declared the victor, retaining his heavyweight title.
Jeffries later admitted, “I could never have whipped Johnson at my best. I couldn’t have hit him. No, I couldn’t have reached him in a thousand years,” acknowledging Johnson’s superior skill. The San Diego Union reported Johnson’s dominance, noting he “played with” Jeffries throughout the match.
Aftermath and Impact
Johnson’s victory was a triumph for African Americans but triggered widespread outrage among white communities. Race riots erupted across the United States, with over 20 deaths, predominantly Black individuals, as white mobs attacked Black celebrants. Cities like Chicago, New York, and Atlanta saw violence, and the film of the fight was banned in many states due to fears it would incite further unrest, marking the first instance of racist film censorship in U.S. history. Congress later passed a 1912 ban on interstate transport of fight films, which remained until 1940.
The fight exposed America’s racial fault lines, with Johnson’s victory challenging notions of white supremacy. It became a cultural touchstone, inspiring poems like William Waring Cuney’s, which celebrated Johnson’s triumph, and fueling discussions on race and equality. The event’s legacy endures as a pivotal moment in sports and social history, highlighting both the power of athletic achievement and the deep-seated prejudices of the era.
Conclusion
The Johnson-Jeffries fight of 1910 was a landmark event that transcended boxing, reflecting and reshaping America’s racial dynamics. Jack Johnson’s decisive victory over James J. Jeffries not only solidified his status as a boxing legend but also challenged societal norms, sparking both celebration and violence. The fight’s significance lies in its role as a catalyst for conversations about race, equality, and the power of sport to influence cultural perceptions, making it a defining moment in American history.
Nevada State Historic Marker 220
On this site on July 4, 1910, Reno hosted ‘The Fight of the Century,” a heavyweight championship boxing match between John Arthur Jack Johnson, the African American title holder, and James J. ‘Jim’ Jeffries, a former champion seeking to regain the title he had vacated in 1904. Jeffries had refereed a previous championship bout between Marvin Hart and Jack Root at this site on July 3, 1905, but the promotion of the ex-champion as “The Great White Hope’ focused worldwide attention on his 1910 contest with the talented Johnson, known as the “Galveston Giant.” Gamblers had their money on Jeffries, but Johnson easily handled his opponent and Jeffries’ trainers called the fight in the fifteenth round to save their man from the disgrace of a knockout.
Organized by famed promoter Tex Rickard, the fight brought over 30,000 fans to Reno, some 22,000 of whom packed the arena here on the day of the fight.
STATE HISTORICAL MARKER NO. 220
STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICE
THE WASHOE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY
THE NEVADA CORRAL WESTERNERS INTERNATIONAL
Nevada State Historic Marker 220 Map
Nevada State Historic Marker 220
| Name | The Fight of the Century |
| Location | Reno, Washoe County, Nevada |
| Latitude, Longitude | 39.5332, -119.7964 |
| Nevada State Historic Marker | 220 |