Tag: Nevada

Nevada, often referred to as the “Silver State,” is located in the western United States. Renowned for its vast deserts and striking mountain ranges, the state boasts a diverse landscape that includes the arid Mojave Desert in the south and the forested Sierra Nevada mountains in the west. The state is famously home to Las Vegas, a vibrant city known for its bustling casinos, entertainment venues, and nightlife. Beyond the glitz of Las Vegas, Nevada offers rich history in its ghost towns, a legacy of the 19th-century mining boom. The state also features significant natural attractions, such as Lake Tahoe and Great Basin National Park, offering a wide range of outdoor activities. Nevada’s economy is driven by tourism, mining, and, increasingly, technology, making it a dynamic state with a blend of natural beauty and modern attractions.

Metropolis Nevada – Elko County Ghost Town

Posted on by

Metropolis Nevada is a ghost town about 14 miles north west of Wells, Nevada and located in Elko County Nevada. The town was the brainchild of the Pacific Reclamation Company, which is based in New York. In 1909, the company envisioned build a city to host up to 7,500 people, which was surrounded by 40,000 acres of farm land.

Metropolis Nevada
The $75,000 brick Hotel in Metropolis Nevada

Pacific Reclamation Company opened an office in Salt Lake City beginning in 1910 to promotion the future site of Metropolis in the Nevadan desert. In 1911, streets, lots and even two public parks were staked out for development and the newspaper, the Metropolis Chronicle began publication in 1911. All of this promotion and interested boosted the cost of land from as low as $10 an acre to $75. Town lots ranged from $100 to $300 per lot.

The towns infrastructure was second to none in Nevada. There streets were graded and line with fire hydrants and street lights and a four block commercial district is established. Railroad tracked is connected to the townsite by the Southern Pacific, from Tulasco about eight miles away. A train depot is built to welcome new visitors who are greeted with a small tree lined park built by the railroad.

In 1912, a one hundred foot tall damn is built along with canals to distribute the water. As the reservoir filled, the town of Metropolis grew. Over 700 citizens called the town home, the majority being Mormon. To serve the population a Post Office is opened along with several business including a brick hotel, saloons and a wagon factory.

1912 also witnessed the demise of the town of Metropolis. Lovelock Valley filed suit with Pacific Reclamation Co. seeking an injunction from water utilization from the headwaters of Humboldt. The court ruled against the Pacific Reclamation Co, only allowing them to supply water to support 4,000 of the 40,000 planned acres of farmland. Following this ruling, the reclamation company went into receivership and the newspaper is closed in 1913.

The town continued but languished. By 1925, the town was in steady decline and the railroad abandoned its footprint in Metropolis. In 1936, the hotel is a victim of fire. In 1942 the post office is closed and in 1947 the school is closed.

Metropolis Trail Map

Town Summary

NameMetropolis Nevada
LocationElko County, Nevada
Latitude, Longitude41.228056, -115.056111
Elevation5675 Feet
Population700
Post Office1912 – 1942
NewspaperMetropolis Chronicle Sept 15, 1911 – Apr 15, 1913

References

Wonder, Nevada – Churchill County Ghost Town

Posted on by

Wonder, Nevada, now a ghost town in Churchill County, was a short-lived but significant mining community during the early 20th-century silver and gold rush. Located 39 miles east of Fallon, Wonder thrived from 1906 to 1919, driven by rich mineral discoveries. This report details the town’s founding, growth, economic role, and decline, based on historical records.

The Wonder mining camp, Nevada 1907.
The Wonder mining camp, Nevada 1907.

Founding and Early Growth

Wonder was established in May 1906 after prospectors from Fairview discovered high-grade quartz veins north of Chalk Mountain. Thomas J. Stroud located the Lost Claim on March 15, 1906, followed by the Jack Pot and Queen claims, triggering a mining rush. By June, the Wonder Mining District was formed, with over 1,000 claims staked. The town grew quickly, boasting stores, saloons, assay offices, and a stage line to Fairview and Fallon by mid-1906. The Wonder Mining News began publication in August 1906, and a post office opened in September 1909. Infrastructure included hotels, boarding houses, restaurants, a freight depot, an artificial ice plant, and a swimming pool fed by Bench Creek.

Mining and Economic Significance

The Nevada Wonder Mining Company, incorporated on September 19, 1906, by Murray Scott, William Mays, and others, dominated the district. Backed by eastern investors, the company built a 100-ton mill in 1911, upgraded to a 200-ton cyanide mill in 1913 to address high milling costs due to the lack of a railroad. Wonder’s low-sulfidation epithermal deposits, rich in quartz, adularia, acanthite, gold, and silver halides, yielded approximately $6 million in silver, gold, copper, and zinc from 1906 to 1919. The Nevada Wonder Mining Company alone generated $1,549,002 in revenue by its closure in December 1919.

Wonder Mine 1907 - Stanley W. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, (1970) p 100
Wonder Mine 1907 – Stanley W. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, (1970) p 100

Community Life

At its peak, Wonder supported about 200 residents, primarily men, with a school established in 1907. Bench Creek provided 150,000 gallons of water daily, and by 1910, a record-breaking electric transmission line from Bishop, California, powered the town. Social amenities like saloons and the swimming pool enhanced life in the desert. Eva Adams, born in Wonder in 1908, later became a notable figure as Director of the U.S. Mint under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson.

Decline and Legacy

By 1919, Wonder’s mineral veins were exhausted, leading to the Nevada Wonder Mining Company’s closure. The post office shut down in August 1920, and many buildings were relocated to other mining camps. A brief revival in the 1930s failed, and Executive Order L-208 halted operations in 1942. The mill was dismantled in 1924, and the electric line was removed. Today, Wonder’s remnants—mill foundations and scattered wooden structures—are accessible via a dirt road off Dixie Valley Road from US 50 East.

Conclusion

Wonder, Nevada, exemplifies the rise and fall of Western mining towns. Its brief prosperity from 1906 to 1919, driven by the Nevada Wonder Mining Company, contributed significantly to Churchill County’s economy. The town’s decline reflects the transient nature of mining booms, leaving behind a legacy of historical markers and figures like Eva Adams, preserving Wonder’s place in Nevada’s history.

Lowest level of Wonder mine, 1907 - - Stanley W. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, p 100
Lowest level of Wonder mine, 1907 – Stanley W. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, p 100

Despite heavy investment and a flurry of activity, mining operations ceased in 1919 and by August of 1920, the post office closed. Small lease operations did continue for a short while.

Town Summary

TownWonder
LocationChurhhill County, Nevada
GNIS845018
Latitude, Longitude39.439444, -118.053056
Elevation5853 feet
Population<1000
Post OfficeSeptember 1909 – August 1920
NewspaperThe Wonder Mining News Jan 4, 1908 – Nov 18, 1912

Wonder Trail Map

References

Bonelli’s Ferry, Nevada – Clark County Ghost Town

Posted on by

Bonelli’s Ferry (also known as Old Bonelli Ferry) was a historic Colorado River crossing in Clark County, Nevada, located just above the confluence of the Colorado and Virgin Rivers. It operated as a key transportation link between Nevada and Arizona in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The ferry site was originally part of a small settlement known as Junction City (later renamed Rioville, Nevada), which served as a hub for agriculture, salt mining, river navigation, and overland travel to mining camps. The entire area, including the ferry landing and town remnants, is now submerged beneath the waters of Lake Mead, created by the completion of Hoover Dam in the 1930s.

Early History and the Predecessor Ferry

The area around the Virgin-Colorado Rivers confluence saw limited Euro-American settlement in the mid-19th century, largely tied to Mormon colonization efforts and mining activities in the surrounding desert regions. In the early 1870s, a flatboat ferry known as Stone’s Ferry was established approximately two miles downstream from the Virgin River mouth. It provided a basic crossing for wagons and travelers but was limited in capacity and location.

In 1870, ferry rights were acquired by Daniel Bonelli, a Swiss-born immigrant, Mormon pioneer, and entrepreneur who had settled in the nearby Mormon community of St. Thomas, Nevada. Bonelli, one of the few who remained in St. Thomas after many residents abandoned the area around 1871 due to flooding and other hardships, saw economic potential in the river crossing. He purchased and later relocated the operation.

Establishment of Bonelli’s Ferry and the Town of Rioville

By 1876, Bonelli had moved the ferry upstream to the more strategic location at the Virgin River confluence, near what was then called Junction City. He developed the site into a small but functional outpost, which he later helped rename Rioville in the late 1870s (reflecting its position at the “Rio” or river junction). Bonelli built a substantial stone house, outbuildings, and irrigated fields on both sides of the rivers using water diverted from the Virgin River. The settlement included orchards, vineyards, alfalfa fields, and vegetable crops, supporting local agriculture and livestock.

The ferry itself was a flatboat-style vessel pulled across the river by a rope line operated by hand. Crossing fees were set at $10 for a wagon and two persons, plus an additional $0.50 per extra passenger. It connected trails to Arizona mining districts (such as Cerbat and Mineral Park in Mohave County) and linked to broader routes like the Hardyville-Prescott Road, while also serving travelers heading to settlements along the Muddy and Virgin Rivers in Nevada and Utah.

Rioville grew modestly as a supply point. It featured a store, post office (established in 1881 and operating until 1906), and even served briefly as a Pony Express station. In 1879, it gained significance as the head of practical steamboat navigation on the Colorado River when the steamboat Gila (under Captain Jack Mellon) reached the landing on July 8. Smaller vessels like the sloop Sou’Wester (1879–1882) transported locally mined salt downstream to process silver ore at sites like El Dorado Canyon. Steamboat traffic peaked in the late 1870s and early 1880s but declined after 1887 as mining activity waned.

Economic Role and Peak Operations

Bonelli’s Ferry played a vital role in the regional economy during the mining boom of the American Southwest. It facilitated the movement of goods, people, and ore-related supplies across the Colorado River, supporting silver mining operations in Arizona and Nevada. Bonelli himself supplemented the ferry income through farming, cattle ranching, and salt mining from nearby deposits, which he sold to mining camps. The ferry remained in operation even as the town itself faded, with Bonelli’s son taking over after a major flood in 1904 destroyed the original boat (the same year Daniel Bonelli died).

Decline, Abandonment, and Submersion

The town of Rioville was largely abandoned by the 1890s as mining declined and overland routes shifted. The post office closed in 1906, though the ferry continued to serve a smaller number of travelers. Operations persisted under Bonelli family management or successors until around 1920–1935 (accounts vary slightly on the exact final year). The construction of Hoover Dam (completed in 1935) and the subsequent filling of Lake Mead permanently inundated the site, along with other historic river communities like St. Thomas. By the mid-1930s, Bonelli’s Ferry and Rioville had disappeared beneath the reservoir.

Legacy and Current Status

Today, the original location of Bonelli’s Ferry lies underwater in Lake Mead National Recreation Area, in the Virgin Basin area. No surface structures remain visible under normal lake levels, though the site occasionally reemerges during periods of extreme drought when water levels drop significantly (similar to the reexposure of nearby St. Thomas). The broader area is now known as Bonelli Landing, a remote recreational site popular for boating, fishing, camping, and beach access along Lake Mead. It serves as a modern gateway to the lake’s waters rather than a historic crossing.

Bonelli’s Ferry represents a quintessential example of small-scale pioneer entrepreneurship in the arid West, bridging Mormon settlement, river navigation, and mining economies. Its history is preserved in archival photographs (including 1890 views of the landing and structures), oral histories, and studies by the National Park Service. Daniel Bonelli’s contributions are noted in Utah and Nevada historical records as those of a resilient “forgotten pioneer.”

Piper’s Opera House – Nevada State Historic Marker

Posted on by

Piper’s Opera House stands as one of the most significant historic performing arts venues in the American West. Located in Virginia City, Nevada, it is a symbol of cultural resilience amid the chaos of the Comstock Lode silver boom. Built in three iterations between 1863 and 1885, the opera house provided entertainment, social gathering space, and civic engagement for a frontier mining town. While Virginia City’s establishment stemmed directly from the 1859 Comstock Lode silver discovery, Piper’s Opera House played a pivotal supporting role by fostering community identity, attracting talent, and helping transform a rough boomtown into a more civilized cultural hub. It entertained miners, families, politicians, and visitors, contributing to the social fabric that sustained the city’s citizens through economic booms, fires, and decline.

Piper’s Opera House - NSHM #236, one of the largest venues for theater and performance on the Comstock. - - University of California, Davis. Dept. of Special Collections.
Piper’s Opera House, one of the largest venues for theater and performance on the Comstock. – – University of California, Davis. Dept. of Special Collections.

Founding of Virginia City and the Comstock Lode Context

Virginia City was born in 1859–1860 following the discovery of the Comstock Lode, the first major silver deposit found in the United States. Prospectors Henry Comstock and others staked claims in what became known as the Comstock Lode, sparking a massive silver rush that drew thousands of fortune-seekers, including German immigrant John Piper in 1860. The town exploded from a handful of miners to a bustling city of over 20,000 by the 1870s, fueled by immense wealth that helped fund the Union during the Civil War and build San Francisco. Early Virginia City was a rough, lawless mining camp with saloons, gambling, and basic wooden structures prone to fire. Cultural amenities were scarce, and entertainment was limited to saloons and rudimentary theaters. Piper’s Opera House arrived early in this boom (1863) and helped address the need for refined entertainment, elevating the town’s status and quality of life for its diverse citizens—miners, merchants, families, and immigrants.

John Piper: Entrepreneur, Politician, and Impresario

John Piper, a German immigrant who had previously operated a liquor and fruit stand near San Francisco theaters, arrived in Virginia City in 1860. He initially ran a saloon (Old Corner Wines, Liquors & Co.) at B and Union Streets. In 1863, theater entrepreneur Tom Maguire built Maguire’s Opera House on Piper’s property at the northwest corner of B and Union Streets (part of the Piper Business Block, above his saloon). Piper purchased the venue in 1867 (with partner John Mackay) and renamed it Piper’s Opera House. He expanded his influence by refurbishing the theater and booking top talent from San Francisco’s circuit.

Piper was deeply involved in civic leadership, which intertwined with the opera house’s role. He served on the Virginia City Council (1865), as mayor (1867), as a Storey County commissioner, and as a Nevada State Senator (1874–1877). In the Senate, he championed legislation to remove taxation limits on bullion, aiding county finances for railroad bonds. His political stature helped secure resources and legitimacy for cultural institutions like the opera house, reinforcing Virginia City’s growth as a stable community rather than a fleeting mining camp.

The Three Opera Houses: Resilience Through Disaster

  • First Piper’s Opera House (1863–1875): Originally Maguire’s, it opened in 1863 with imported sandstone features emulating San Francisco venues. Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) lectured there in 1866 and 1868. It hosted Shakespearean actors, plays, and even a disputed 1871 vigilante lynching from its rafters (accounts vary). The Great Fire of October 26, 1875, destroyed much of Virginia City, including the opera house.
  • Second Piper’s Opera House (1878–1883): Piper rebuilt it for $40,000, opening on January 28, 1878. It featured performers like an eight-year-old Maude Adams, stage manager David Belasco (later a Broadway giant), and lecturers such as Henry Ward Beecher. It burned again on March 13, 1883 (possibly from a cigar left by Piper).
  • Third (Current) Piper’s Opera House (1885–Present): Rebuilt and reopened March 6, 1885, with a grand ball. Modernized with a dance floor, carpeting, and hanging balconies, it seated nearly 1,000 and endured as the town’s cultural anchor. Piper died in 1897; his family continued operations until economic decline in the 1920s led to condemnation. It later served as a silent movie house, museum, and event space.

Role in the Lives of Virginia City’s Citizens

Piper’s Opera House was more than a theater—it was a vital social and cultural lifeline. During the Comstock boom, it offered escape and sophistication for hard-working miners and families through Shakespeare, vaudeville, music, lectures, and dances. Famous performers included Edwin Booth (and his brother Junius Brutus Booth Jr.), Lillie Langtry, Al Jolson, John Philip Sousa, Buffalo Bill, President Ulysses S. Grant, and Emma Nevada. In 1897, heavyweight champion “Gentleman Jim” Corbett trained there for his title fight. These events brought national and international talent to a remote mining town, fostering pride, education, and social cohesion.

The opera house hosted community events, civic gatherings, and even political rallies, strengthening bonds among citizens. It linked Virginia City to broader American and European culture via touring circuits, helping citizens feel connected to the wider world. Archaeologically, it reflected the era’s diversity, with performances catering to a multicultural population. Even in decline, it adapted—showing films and hosting sports—sustaining community life when mines waned.

Legacy and Modern Status

Piper’s Opera House survived economic busts, fires, and neglect through family stewardship (notably Louise Zimmer Driggs in the 1960s–1970s and later descendants). It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. In 2017, Storey County purchased it from the school district; it is now managed by the Virginia City Tourism Commission as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit performing arts center. It hosts theater, concerts, weddings, and tours, with ongoing restoration. Listed by the League of Historic Theaters, it remains one of the West’s most important vintage venues.

Conclusion

Piper’s Opera House did not found Virginia City—the Comstock Lode did that in 1859—but it was instrumental in its establishment as a thriving, civilized community. By providing world-class entertainment and a gathering place, it enriched the lives of citizens, supported civic leadership through John Piper’s efforts, and symbolized the town’s ambition amid hardship. Its repeated rebirths mirror Virginia City’s own resilience. Today, it continues to educate and entertain, preserving the spirit of the Comstock era for future generations. The opera house stands as a living monument to how culture helped build and sustain one of the American West’s legendary boomtowns.

House Nevada State Historic Marker Text

This building, the most significant vintage theatre in the West, was erected by John Piper in 1885.  Third in a succession of theatres which he operated on the Comstock, Piper’s Opera House, with its original scenery, raked stage, and elegant proscenium boxes, is a remarkable survivor of a colorful era in American theatrical history.  Many popular nineteenth-century touring stars and concert artists appeared here.

STATE HISTORICAL MARKER No. 236
DIVISION OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION AND ARCHEOLOGY
LOUISE Z. DRIGGS

Nevada State Historical Markers identify significant places of interest in Nevada’s history. The Nevada State Legislature started the program in 1967 to bring the state’s heritage to the public’s attention with on-site markers. Budget cuts to the program caused the program to become dormant in 2009. Many of the markers are lost of damaged.

Nevada State Historic Marker Summary

Nevada State Historic Marker236
NamePiper’s Opera House
LocationVirginia City, Storey County, Nevada
Latitude, Longitude39.3109, -119.6502

References

Sutro Nevada

Posted on by

Sutro, Nevada, located in Lyon County near the historic town of Dayton in the Carson River Valley, is a quintessential Western ghost town that owes its existence entirely to one of the most ambitious engineering feats of the Comstock Lode era: the Sutro Tunnel. The town, the tunnel, and the man—Adolph Sutro—are inseparable in Nevada mining history. Planned as a model community and operational headquarters for the tunnel project, Sutro briefly flourished as a well-organized settlement supporting the drainage of the flood-prone silver mines beneath Virginia City and Gold Hill. The tunnel itself, a nearly 4-mile-long drainage adit, addressed critical safety and operational challenges in the Comstock Lode, pioneering large-scale mine drainage techniques in the United States.

The town of Sutro Nevada, taken in 1874
The town of Sutro Nevada, taken in 1874

Background: The Comstock Lode and the Need for the Tunnel

The discovery of the Comstock Lode in 1859 transformed the Virginia Range into one of the richest silver and gold districts in American history. As mines deepened—eventually reaching thousands of feet—engineers faced insurmountable problems: sudden floods from underground reservoirs, scalding-hot water inflows, poor ventilation, and skyrocketing costs for surface pumping. Traditional hoisting and pumping systems could not keep pace, endangering lives and limiting production. Disasters like the 1869 Yellow Jacket Mine fire in Gold Hill, which killed dozens partly due to blocked escape routes and flooding, underscored the urgency for a better solution.

Adolph Sutro and the Vision for the Tunnel

Adolph Sutro (1830–1898), a Prussian-born Jewish immigrant and self-taught entrepreneur who had profited from the California Gold Rush as a tobacco merchant and later operated a quartz mill along the Carson River, proposed the tunnel in 1860. His plan was straightforward yet revolutionary: excavate a gently sloping, horizontal adit from the lowlands near Dayton (close to the Carson River) approximately 4 miles southeast, connecting underground to the Comstock mines at a depth of about 1,640–1,750 feet. The tunnel would drain millions of gallons of water daily, provide ventilation, offer an alternative access route for men, supplies, and ore, and serve as a potential emergency escape.

Sutro secured legislative approval from the Nevada state legislature and U.S. Congress by 1865, including a 50-year franchise and land grants. Mining interests initially backed the idea for its safety benefits, but powerful mine owners and banks later opposed it fiercely, fearing it would break their monopoly on underground access and milling.

Adolph Heinrich Joseph Sutro (1830–1898) was the 24th mayor of San Francisco, California, serving in that office from 1894 until 1896 - Photographer Mathew Benjamin Brady
Adolph Heinrich Joseph Sutro (1830–1898) was the 24th mayor of San Francisco, California, serving in that office from 1894 until 1896 – Photographer Mathew Benjamin Brady

Construction and the Birth of the Town (1869–1879)

Construction of the Sutro Tunnel began on October 19, 1869, with ground broken at the Dayton end. The project was initially financed largely by contributions from miners themselves, who recognized its life-saving potential, and later by international bankers through the Sutro Tunnel Company’s stock sales. Crews—often immigrants using hand tools, explosives, and mules—labored for nearly nine years through solid rock. The main tunnel measured 3.88 miles (20,489 feet or about 6.24 km) long, roughly 10–12 feet wide and high (with variations reported up to 17×20 feet in places), and connected precisely to the Savage Mine workings on July 8, 1878 (some accounts note September 1). North and south lateral branches extended the total length to about 4.56 miles and were completed in 1879. The first water was released from the mines on June 30, 1879.

At the tunnel portal, Sutro carefully planned and developed the town of Sutro as the project’s headquarters. What began as a rough construction camp evolved into a well-laid-out community with streets, parks, a church, post office (established March 25, 1872, and operating until October 30, 1920), and its own weekly newspaper, the Sutro Independent. Sutro envisioned it as a miners’ haven where workers could live comfortably and commute underground via the tunnel. The population peaked at 600–800 during construction, including fine residences and Sutro’s own elaborate Victorian mansion (built in 1879 for $60,000, featuring marble fireplaces and a two-story veranda). Tunnel water was even used for irrigation.

The entrance to the Sutro Tunnel in the late 1800s. Suntro, Lyon County, Nevada.
The entrance to the Sutro Tunnel in the late 1800s. Suntro, Lyon County, Nevada.

Operations, Impact, and Decline

Once operational, the tunnel drained up to 3.5 million gallons of water per day in the 1880s, dramatically improving ventilation, reducing pumping costs, and enabling deeper, safer mining. It also facilitated ore and waste removal more efficiently than vertical shafts. The project served as a model for later U.S. drainage tunnels, such as those in Colorado.

Adolph Sutro sold his interest in the company shortly after completion and relocated to San Francisco, where he became a wealthy philanthropist, built the iconic Sutro Baths and Cliff House, and served as mayor (1895–1897). The tunnel company continued under other management, and the town gradually declined as the Comstock Lode’s bonanza faded by the early 1880s. Population dropped to around 375–435 by 1880; most buildings were removed or fell into disrepair. Fires claimed the mansion in 1941 and other structures later. The tunnel operated for about 65 years until the 1940s, when wartime needs, mismanagement, and declining production led to its closure around 1943 (though it continues to drain some water passively).

Legacy and Current Status

The Sutro Tunnel stands as an enduring engineering marvel that protected miners’ lives and sustained Comstock operations long after its richest ores were extracted. The town of Sutro, though now a private ghost town with scattered remnants (wooden shacks, mine tailings, and the iconic portal facade), is undergoing active preservation. The nonprofit Friends of Sutro Tunnel is leading restoration efforts, including site cleanup, structural stabilization, and partial reopening for guided tours. Over 1,000 feet of the tunnel have been explored with modern technology, and the site aims to become a public historical attraction highlighting Nevada’s mining heritage.

Today, Sutro serves as a poignant reminder of the ingenuity, labor, and ambition that defined the Comstock era—a town born of necessity that briefly thrived around humanity’s determination to conquer the depths of the earth.

Town Summary

NameSutro Nevada
LocationLyon County, Nevada
Latitude, Longitude39.28, -119.584167
GNIS856145
Elevation4,478 ft (1,365 m)
Population600 – 800
Post OfficeMarch 1872 – October 1920
NewspaperSutro Independent Sept 25, 1875 – Nov 22, 1880

Sutro Map

References