Tag: Nye County

Nye County, located in the state of Nevada, is known for its vast stretches of desert landscapes and rugged terrain. It is the largest county in Nevada by area, encompassing a diverse range of environments from expansive desert valleys to high mountain ranges. The county is famous for its association with Area 51, a secretive military installation, adding an air of mystery to its reputation. Nye County is sparsely populated, with much of its economy driven by mining, agriculture, and tourism centered around outdoor recreational activities such as hiking, off-roading, and exploring historical sites like ghost towns from the mining era. It offers visitors and residents alike a chance to experience the wild beauty of the American West amidst its stark, untamed scenery.

Bonnie Claire Nevada – A Nye County Ghost Town

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Bonnie Claire (sometimes spelled Bonnie Clare) is a historic ghost town in Nye County, Nevada, situated on the edge of Sarcobatus Flat along Nevada State Route 267, approximately 40 miles north of Beatty and near the California border. At an elevation of about 3,980–3,950 feet, the site lies in a remote desert landscape characterized by dry lake beds, sparse vegetation, and proximity to Gold Mountain (roughly six miles northwest). Once a small mining and railroad hub supporting gold and silver operations, Bonnie Claire experienced a brief boom in the early 20th century before fading into abandonment. Today, it consists primarily of decaying mill ruins, scattered building foundations, railroad beds, and a small cemetery, offering a glimpse into Nevada’s mining past.

Long Team in front of the Bonnie Claire Mine, Nevada
Long Team in front of the Bonnie Claire Mine, Nevada

Early Settlement and Mining Origins (1880s–1905)

Gold mining began in the region in the 1880s on the south side of Gold Mountain. Ore from mines such as the Rattlesnake was hauled by mule teams to a five-stamp mill constructed by Guy Thorpe at a site known as Thorp’s Wells (or Thorp’s Well; also briefly called Montana Station). This mill processed ore for about two decades and supported a modest camp. A small stage station developed at Thorp, serving overland traffic between emerging mining districts like Goldfield and Bullfrog.

In 1904, the Bonnie Clare Bullfrog Mining & Milling Company acquired the original mill and constructed a new facility—the Bonnie Clare Mill—near the stage station to handle ore from across the district. A small camp formed around the mill, and a post office opened on June 15, 1905, under the name Thorp. These developments laid the foundation for growth, though activity remained limited until railroads arrived.

Boom Period and Railroad Era (1906–1910s)

The town’s peak began in September 1906 when the Bullfrog-Goldfield Railroad reached Thorp, establishing a station initially called Montana Station. Residents disliked the name and platted a new townsite in October 1906, officially renaming it Bonnie Clare. The Las Vegas & Tonopah Railroad arrived in spring 1907, constructing an impressive two-story depot. These rail connections transformed Bonnie Clare into a supply and milling center.

At its height, the town featured a railroad depot, mercantile stores, saloons, and a population estimated at around 100–250 residents. It served as a junction and siding for ore shipments and supplies. The post office name officially changed to Bonnie Clare on July 13, 1909. A brief 1910 renovation of the mill by the New Bonnie Clare Mining Company and further milling efforts (such as the 1913 Jumbo Extraction Company mill at Thorp’s Well, later operated by the Quigley Reduction Company) provided temporary support, but ore supplies from nearby mines dwindled.

Decline and Transition (1910s–1930s)

Mining activity declined sharply by 1909–1914 as local gold and silver deposits played out. Railroad consolidation in 1914 (merging operations of the Bullfrog-Goldfield and Las Vegas & Tonopah lines) reduced service, with only limited freight continuing. The railroads ultimately ceased operations around 1928, and tracks were later salvaged. The post office closed on December 31, 1931, when only two residents remained.

In the 1920s, Bonnie Claire experienced a modest revival as a supply point for the construction of Scotty’s Castle (Death Valley Ranch) in Death Valley, about 20 miles to the southwest. Building materials were unloaded here and transported onward.

Later Revivals and Final Operations (1940s–1950s)

Sporadic activity occurred between 1940 and 1954, including minor mining and a short-lived cyanide mill in 1940. In December 1951, George Lippincott of the Sun Battery and Nic-Silver Battery Companies (later associated with the Lippincott Lead Company) constructed a lead mill and smelter at the site of the old Bonnie Clare Mill. It processed lead-silver ore trucked from Death Valley mines (such as the Lead King Mine in the Panamint Range), operating at up to 100 tons per day starting in February 1952. The facility included a diesel power plant, worker quarters, and related infrastructure but lasted only a few years until the ore was depleted. A brief reopening was reported in 1955, after which the site was fully abandoned.

Additional infrastructure from this era included temporary use by highway reconstruction crews in 1951 and a Civil Aeronautics Authority airport (Scotty’s Intermediate Field/Bonnie Claire Airport) built circa 1943 nearby, which was later abandoned.

Current Status and Legacy

Bonnie Claire has remained a ghost town since the mid-1950s, with visible ruins including stone and concrete mill foundations, a leaning steel-frame structure, tailing piles, metal tanks, crucibles, and scattered residential remnants (such as the Huson House and stone buildings). A small cemetery contains graves from the early 20th century. The site is easily accessible via a short unpaved spur off NV-267 and attracts occasional visitors, historians, and off-road enthusiasts. In 2005, Tonogold Resources announced plans for the “Bonnie Claire Gold Tailings Project” to rework historic mill tailings, though large-scale revival did not materialize.

The town’s story exemplifies the boom-and-bust cycle of Nevada’s desert mining camps: rapid growth fueled by railroads and mineral strikes, followed by swift decline once resources and transportation waned. Its ruins stand as a testament to the Gold Mountain mining district and the interconnected rail networks that once linked remote Nevada outposts. Coordinates for the site are approximately 37°13’37.7″N 117°07’15.6″W.

Bonnie Claire Trail Map

White Tidy Tips (Layia glandulosa)

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The White Tidy Tips (Layia glandulosa), also known as whitedaisy tidytips or white layia, is a charming annual wildflower in the sunflower family (Asteraceae) native to the arid and semi-arid regions of western North America, stretching from central Washington south to Baja California and eastward into Utah and Arizona. This low-growing, branched herb, typically reaching 4 to 24 inches in height, features hairy, glandular stems and linear to lobed leaves that give off a subtle fragrance. Its showy daisy-like flower heads bloom from March to June, especially following adequate winter rains, boasting pure white, three-lobed ray florets that encircle a bright yellow disk of central florets—creating a crisp, tidy contrast that evokes its common name—while the rays may occasionally fade to a delicate rose-purple. Thriving in sandy or open soils across desert scrub, grasslands, and coastal habitats, it adds bursts of ethereal beauty to spring landscapes, supports pollinators like butterflies, and provides seeds for birds, embodying the resilient grace of Western wildflowers.

White Tidy Tips (Layia glandulosa), also known as whitedaisy tidytips or white layia. Photograph by James L Rathbun
White Tidy Tips (Layia glandulosa), also known as whitedaisy tidytips or white layia. Photograph by James L Rathbun

Biological Classification

White Tidy Tips, also known as Whitedaisy Tidytips or White Layia, belongs to the following taxonomic hierarchy:

  • Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)
  • Clade: Tracheophytes (Vascular plants)
  • Clade: Angiosperms (Flowering plants)
  • Clade: Eudicots
  • Clade: Asterids
  • Order: Asterales
  • Family: Asteraceae (Sunflower or Aster family)
  • Genus: Layia
  • Species: Layia glandulosa (Hook.) Hook. & Arn. (described in 1833; the specific epithet glandulosa refers to its glandular hairs)

It is an annual herb in the tarweed tribe (Heliantheae) within the Asteraceae family. The genus Layia is almost entirely restricted to western North America, with 14 species native to the region (12 of which are found in California).

Description of the Plant and Flower

Plant: Layia glandulosa is a low-growing, branched, pubescent annual herb typically reaching 4–24 inches (10–60 cm) tall (occasionally up to about 2 feet). The stems are erect, green to purple-streaked, and covered in soft glandular hairs that can feel sticky and sometimes produce a mild spicy or scented aroma. Leaves are thin, linear to oval-shaped, up to 4 inches (10 cm) long; the lower (basal) leaves are often lobed or pinnatifid, while upper leaves tend to be entire.

Flower: The inflorescences are showy, daisy-like flower heads approximately 1.5 inches (4 cm) across, borne on glandular stalks. Each head features 3–14 (typically 5–8) broad, white ray florets that are often 3-lobed at the tips; these pure white rays surround a central disk of numerous bright yellow disk florets. The involucre (base of the flower head) consists of green, hairy, glandular phyllaries. The rays may fade to rose-purple with age. After flowering, the plant produces hairy achenes (cypselae) with a pappus of stiff white hairs for seed dispersal.

The plant is rapid-growing and blooms primarily in spring, with flowering triggered by adequate winter rainfall; it may not bloom in dry years

Habitat

White Tidy Tips thrives in dry, open environments with well-drained, sandy or gravelly soils. It is commonly found on dry slopes, mesas, grasslands, meadows, desert uplands, and open clearings. It tolerates a range of conditions from lower to upper desert habitats and can occur in chaparral, coastal scrub, valley grasslands, and pinyon-juniper woodlands. Lean, nutrient-poor soils promote compact growth and abundant flowering, while richer soils may cause plants to become leggy.

Range and Distribution

Layia glandulosa is native to western North America. Its range extends from central Washington (and southern British Columbia) south through Oregon, Idaho, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico, reaching as far south as Baja California, Mexico. It is particularly common in the southwestern United States, with the largest populations reported in Nevada, Arizona, California, and Oregon. In the U.S., it occurs in the following states: AZ, CA, ID, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA.

Elevation ranges from near sea level up to about 5,000–7,500 feet (1,524–2,286 m), depending on local conditions.

Ecology and Additional Notes

As an annual, Layia glandulosa germinates with winter rains and completes its life cycle quickly in spring. It provides important resources for pollinators, especially native bees, and its seeds are consumed by birds and small mammals. Indigenous groups in the southwestern U.S., such as the Cahuilla and Luiseno peoples, traditionally used the seeds as food (ground into flour or porridge).

The species is drought-tolerant once established and is valued in native plant gardening and restoration for its cheerful blooms and ability to thrive in poor soils. It is not considered invasive and is a native component of western ecosystems.

This report is based on data from botanical authorities including the USDA Plants Database, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, and regional floras. Population sizes can vary greatly year-to-year depending on rainfall.

Desert Gold Poppy (Eschscholzia glyptosperma)

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The Desert Gold Poppy, also known as the Desert Golden Poppy or Mojave Poppy, is a striking annual wildflower native to the arid regions of the southwestern United States. It is a member of the poppy family and a smaller, desert-adapted relative of the more widespread California Poppy (Eschscholzia californica). This species is particularly notable for its vibrant blooms during spring “superbloom” events following adequate winter rainfall, when it can carpet desert washes and flats in golden hues.

The Desert Gold Poppy, also known as the Desert Golden Poppy or Mojave Poppy, is a striking annual wildflower native to the arid regions of the southwestern United States. - Photograph by James L Rathbun
The Desert Gold Poppy, also known as the Desert Golden Poppy or Mojave Poppy, is a striking annual wildflower native to the arid regions of the southwestern United States. – Photograph by James L Rathbun

Taxonomic Classification

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Clade: Tracheophytes (vascular plants)
  • Clade: Angiosperms (flowering plants)
  • Clade: Eudicots
  • Order: Ranunculales
  • Family: Papaveraceae (Poppy family)
  • Genus: Eschscholzia
  • Species: Eschscholzia glyptosperma Greene (described by botanist Edward Lee Greene)

The binomial name Eschscholzia glyptosperma reflects the genus honoring Estonian botanist Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz and the species epithet referring to its sculptured or “engraved” seeds (glyptosperma). It is a strictly annual herb.

Plant and Flower Description

Eschscholzia glyptosperma is a small, scapose (mostly leafless-stemmed) annual herb. It grows from a basal rosette of finely dissected, pointed, grayish-green leaves that are 1–4 times pinnately divided into narrow, pointed segments— an adaptation that reduces water loss in harsh desert conditions. The plant typically reaches 5–25 cm (2–10 inches) in height, with one or more erect, slender stems arising from the base. Each stem bears a single flower atop a long peduncle.

Flower Morphology: The flowers are bright yellow (occasionally with a subtle orange tint), solitary, and actinomorphic (radially symmetrical). They feature four broad, satiny petals, each measuring approximately 1–2.5 cm (⅜–1 inch) long, giving the bloom a cup- or saucer-like appearance when fully open in sunlight. The petals are silky-textured and close at night or in cloudy/cold conditions (nyctinasty). There are typically two (sometimes three) sepals that are glabrous (smooth), often glaucous (waxy blue-green), and shed soon after the flower opens. The center displays numerous yellow stamens surrounding a single superior ovary. Flowers bloom primarily from February to May, peaking in March–April depending on rainfall and elevation.

The fruit is a slender, cylindrical capsule (4–8 cm long) that dehisces (splits) from the base when dry, explosively releasing numerous tiny, rounded, tan-to-brown seeds.

Range and Distribution

The Desert Gold Poppy, also known as the Desert Golden Poppy or Mojave Poppy, is a striking annual wildflower native to the arid regions of the southwestern United States. - Photograph by James L Rathbun
The Desert Gold Poppy, also known as the Desert Golden Poppy or Mojave Poppy, is a striking annual wildflower native to the arid regions of the southwestern United States. – Photograph by James L Rathbun

The Desert Gold Poppy is endemic to the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of the southwestern United States. Its distribution includes:

It occurs at elevations from near sea level (30 m / 98 ft) to approximately 1,600 m (5,249 ft). In suitable years, it contributes to spectacular desert wildflower displays.

Habitat and Ecology

This species thrives in desert washes, alluvial fans, dry streambeds, open flats, and gentle slopes within creosote bush scrub and Joshua tree woodland plant communities. It prefers well-drained, sandy or gravelly soils and sheltered microhabitats that protect against wind and extreme desiccation. As an annual, its population fluctuates dramatically with winter precipitation; it is a key component of “superbloom” events. The flowers provide nectar and pollen for native bees, butterflies, and other pollinators, while the foliage supports various caterpillars and the seeds are consumed by birds.

In summary, Eschscholzia glyptosperma exemplifies elegant desert adaptation—compact size, efficient water use, and brilliant, ephemeral blooms that signal the brief bounty of spring in the arid Southwest. Its presence in southern Nevada (including areas near Las Vegas) makes it a locally observable and ecologically important wildflower.

Desert Dandelion ( Malocothryx glabrata )

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The Desert Dandelion, also commonly known as Smooth Desertdandelion, is a striking annual wildflower native to the arid regions of western North America. It belongs to the sunflower family and is renowned for forming vibrant carpets of yellow blooms in sandy desert landscapes following wet winters. This report details its scientific taxonomy, plant and flower morphology, habitat, range, distribution, and ecological characteristics, drawing from botanical sources such as regional floras and field guides.

Desert Dandelion ( Malocothryx glabrata ) Photo by James L Rathbun
Desert Dandelion ( Malocothryx glabrata ) Photo by James L Rathbun

Scientific Taxonomy and Categorization

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Clade: Tracheophytes (vascular plants)
  • Clade: Angiosperms (flowering plants)
  • Clade: Eudicots
  • Clade: Asterids
  • Order: Asterales
  • Family: Asteraceae (Aster or Sunflower Family) – characterized by composite flower heads and milky sap in many genera
  • Genus: Malacothrix (Greek: “soft hair,” referring to the pappus on seeds)
  • Species: Malacothrix glabrata (A. Gray ex D.C. Eaton) A. Gray
  • Binomial Authority: Named by Asa Gray; the epithet “glabrata” refers to the nearly hairless (glabrous) leaves and stems.
  • Synonyms: Malacothrix californica var. glabrata
  • Common Names: Smooth Desertdandelion, Desert Dandelion

This dicotyledonous annual herb is categorized within the tribe Cichorieae (chicory tribe) of Asteraceae, featuring ligulate (strap-shaped ray) florets only, with no disk florets—distinguishing it from true dandelions (Taraxacum spp.).

Detailed Plant Description

Malacothrix glabrata is a low-growing to erect annual forb arising from a taproot. Plants reach 10–40 cm (4–16 inches) tall, with stems that are mostly glabrous (smooth), occasionally sparsely puberulent near the base, and branched proximally and distally. The stems may appear ascending or upright and contain milky latex sap, a hallmark of the Asteraceae family.

Leaves are primarily basal in a rosette, green, linear, and pinnately lobed with narrow, filiform (thread-like) or stringy segments (6.5–12.5 cm long). Cauline (stem) leaves are alternate, reduced upward, and similarly lobed. The foliage is nearly hairless, contributing to its “smooth” common name.

Detailed Flower Description

The inflorescences are solitary or 1–3 per stem, daisy-like composite heads measuring 2.5–6.5 cm (1–2.5 inches) wide (up to 4.5 cm or more). Each head consists of 31–139 ligulate ray florets (strap-shaped, 5-lobed at the tip) that are pale yellow to white, often with purple-tinged undersides. The receptacle is bristly, and the involucre (base) is campanulate to hemispheric, with 20–25+ phyllaries in 2–3 series and 12–20+ lanceolate bractlets with translucent margins at the base.

Immature or young flower heads often display a distinctive orange-to-red “button” or spot in the center (composed of developing structures). The flowers are fragrant and open primarily in the morning, closing by early afternoon. In mass blooms, they create showy yellow displays across the desert floor.

Desert Dandelion ( Malocothryx glabrata ) - Photo by James L Rathbun
Desert Dandelion ( Malocothryx glabrata ) – Photo by James L Rathbun

Fruit and Seeds

The fruit is a single-seeded cypsela (often called an achene), cylindro-fusiform (cylindrical and tapered at both ends), sometimes weakly 5-angled. It bears a pappus of soft hairs for wind dispersal. Seeds mature from March to June.

Habitat

This species thrives in coarse, fast-draining soils (gravel, loam, sand, silt) in open areas, among shrubs, or in vegetation gaps. Preferred habitats include sandy deserts, plains, mesas, rocky hillsides, washes, and flats, often associated with creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) communities. It also occurs in foothill woodlands and desert shrublands. Elevation range: below 2,000 m (6,500 ft). It is highly responsive to winter rainfall, becoming abundant in “good wildflower years.”

Range and Distribution

Malacothrix glabrata is native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. It occurs across the Mojave, Sonoran, and Great Basin Deserts.

U.S. States: Arizona (AZ), California (CA), Idaho (ID), Nevada (NV), New Mexico (NM), Oregon (OR), Utah (UT). Broader Range: Southwestern Idaho and eastern Oregon south to southern California, much of Arizona, and into Baja California and northwestern Mexico.

It is particularly common in the Mojave Desert (including areas near Las Vegas, Nevada) and intermountain regions. Sporadic records exist in the Colorado Plateau and Chihuahuan Desert fringes.

Ecology and Biology

As an annual, Malacothrix glabrata germinates in response to cool-season precipitation and completes its life cycle rapidly. Blooming occurs February–July (peak March–June), with fruits maturing soon after. It is primarily insect-pollinated (e.g., by solitary bees such as Nomadopsis spp.) but may be self-compatible. Seeds are wind-dispersed.

Ecologically, it serves as an important nectar source for butterflies, moths, bees, and other insects, and provides forage for wildlife including desert tortoises and small mammals. Indigenous groups (e.g., Apache) historically used roots medicinally. It is an indicator species for productive desert bloom seasons and shows no recognized subspecies or varieties. Chromosome number: 2n=14.

In summary, Malacothrix glabrata exemplifies desert adaptation with its ephemeral beauty, glabrous form, and reliance on sporadic rains. Its presence signals healthy desert ecosystems in the American Southwest.

Chloride City California – Inyo County Ghost Town

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Chloride City is a remote ghost town and historic mining site located in the Funeral Mountains on the eastern side of Death Valley National Park, Inyo County, California. Situated at an elevation of approximately 4,770 feet (1,454 m) in a saddle high above the valley floor, it offers dramatic panoramic views across Death Valley to the Panamint Mountains—over 5,000 feet below—making it one of the more scenic yet challenging historic locations in the park. Access requires a high-clearance vehicle (often 4WD) via rough dirt roads, such as Chloride City Road off Daylight Pass Road or near Hell’s Gate, and the site remains largely untouched, with scattered remnants rather than intact structures.

Crowells Mill under construction in Chloride City, CA about 1915
Crowells Mill under construction in Chloride City, CA about 1915

Early Discovery and Initial Mining (1870s)

The area’s mining history dates back to one of the earliest documented strikes in the Death Valley region. In August 1871, prospector August J. Franklin (a civil engineer involved in U.S. government surveying work on the Nevada-California border) made the initial discovery. According to local legend, Franklin killed a rattlesnake with a rock, noticed rich-looking float (loose ore fragments) beneath it, and traced the material uphill to its source—a vein of silver chloride (a form of silver ore) at what became known as Chloride Cliff.

Franklin staked claims and formed the Chloride Cliff Mining Company, sinking a shaft to about 70 feet by mid-1873 and employing several miners. Ore samples reportedly assayed at high values—between $200 and $1,000 per ton in silver—indicating significant potential. However, the remote location, harsh desert conditions, lack of water, and transportation difficulties limited development. Activity was intermittent; Franklin and later his son George worked claims sporadically to maintain ownership, but the site saw little sustained production through the 1870s and remained largely deserted from around 1873 until the early 1900s.

Boom Period and Establishment of Chloride City (1905–1906)

Interest revived in the early 20th century amid the broader Death Valley mining boom, particularly following the major gold discovery at Bullfrog, Nevada (near Rhyolite) in 1904 and the development of the nearby Keane Wonder Mine (discovered in late 1903). Prospectors from Bullfrog crossed into the Funeral Mountains, reworking older claims and exploring new ones.

By 1905, enough activity centered on the Chloride Cliff area (including renewed work on silver-lead and emerging gold veins) that a small support camp was laid out: Chloride City. It served as a hub for nearby operations, featuring basic facilities such as an assay office, bunkhouse, and possibly other rudimentary structures. The town was positioned in a picturesque but wind-swept saddle, supporting miners extracting ore from adits (horizontal tunnels) and shafts in the vicinity.

Despite initial promise, the boom was short-lived. Most operations proved uneconomical due to low-grade ore, high processing costs, and isolation. Chloride City became a ghost town by late 1906, abandoned as miners moved to more promising strikes elsewhere.

Later Activity and Nearby Mines (1910s–1940s)

Sporadic mining returned in the 1910s and especially the 1930s, when higher gold prices during the Great Depression spurred renewed prospecting. Nearby sites like the Big Bell Mine (and Big Bell Extension) saw more substantial work, including construction of an aerial tramway, ore bins, ball mills, cyanide tanks, and other equipment—much of which remains remarkably preserved due to the site’s inaccessibility. These operations focused on gold and silver, with some claims reportedly changing hands through dramatic means (e.g., gambling, disputes, or even a reported duel). Activity largely ceased by the early 1940s, with the last major shutdown around 1941.

Chloride City itself did not revive as a town; it remained a loose collection of mining features rather than a populated settlement.

Current Status and Remnants

Today, Chloride City is within Death Valley National Park and protected as part of its historic resources. Little of the actual “town” survives—mostly scattered foundations, mine dumps, numerous adits (some explorable with caution), ore remnants, and the remains of three stamp mills. A single grave marks the site: that of James McKay, about whom virtually nothing is known.

The area includes dramatic overlooks at Chloride Cliff, where visitors can stand on old dumps and gaze down into Death Valley. Nearby hikes lead to well-preserved ruins like those of the Big Bell Mine complex, featuring rusting machinery, collapsed shacks, and tramway elements frozen in time.

The site exemplifies the fleeting nature of desert mining booms: early promise, rapid influx, quick bust, and long-term abandonment. Its isolation has helped preserve artifacts, offering a glimpse into the grit of 19th- and early 20th-century prospectors in one of Earth’s harshest environments. Visitors should prepare for rough roads, extreme conditions, and practice Leave No Trace principles, as the area has no facilities or signage in many spots.

Chloride City Trail Map