Samuel Langhorne Clemens – “Mark Twain”
Before he wrote American classic novels as Mark Twain, Samuel Langhorne Clemens was a miner and newpaper reporter in Mineral County, Nevada. Prior to picking up his pen, Clemens moved from his birthplace in Hannibal, Missouri and found himself in the silver state. After his time in Nevada, he left to become the most loved American author, Mark Twain.

It is a well known fact that Samuel Clemmons first work was as a river boat pilot on the Mississippi river. This occupation was lost to him with the start of the Civil War. In 1861, Samuel followed his brother Orion to Nevada when his brother is appointed as Secretary of the Nevada Territory. Not long after his arrival in Carson City, Clemens is “Smitten with the silver feaver.” He and his brother started purchasing shares of mining operations in the Esmeralda Mining District. The principal town in this district was Aurora.
Filled with optimism, Samuel moved to Aurora in 1862. Upon his arrival he setup a camp and began working some of the claims he and his brother purchased. Despite his optimism, his work as a miner and investor did not produce and Clemens lives off an stipend set to him by his brother to cover the $10 per week living expenses. This failure was all too common among the hopeful people who travelled west.
Higbie and I were living in a cotton-domestic lean-to at the base of a mountain [Lover’s Leap]. It was very cramped quarters, with barely room for us and the stove – wretched quarters, indeed, for every now and then, between eight in the morning and eight in the evening, the thermometer would make an excursion of fifty degrees. We had a silver-mining claim under the edge of a hill [Last Change Hill] half a mile away in partnership with Bob Howland and Horatio Phillips, and we used to go there every morning, carrying with us our luncheon, and remain all day picking and blasting in a our shaft, hoping, despairing, hoping again, and gradually but surely running out of funds
Mark Twain, Roughing It

Ironically, his failure in mining started his career which produced some of the most important books in American history. While in Aurora, he started sending stories about a miner’s life to the Virginia City newspaper, the Territorial Enterprise, using the penname “Josh”. These stories opened a door to greatness, and he was appointed to a job as a local reporter by Joseph Goodman.
After leaving Aurora for Virginia City, Clemens starts down his road to success and becomes a popular newspaper reported. He submits his humorous and satirical stories using the name Mark Twain. Five years later, the man from Missouri wrote the story, “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calavarous County” and Mark Twain became the American Story Teller.
I learned then, once and for all, that gold in its native state is but dull, the ornamental stuff, and that only low-born metals excited the admiration of the ignorant with an ostentatious glitter. However, like the rest of the world, I still go on underrating men of gold and glorifying men of mica. Commonplace human nature cannot rise above that.
Mark Twain, Roughing It
Nevada State Historic Marker #28
100 years ago, in 1864, Samuel Clemens left the territorial enterprise, moving on to California and worldwide fame. He was a reporter here in 1863 when he first used the name, Mark Twain. He later described his colorful adventures in Nevada in “Roughing It.”
NEVADA CENTENNIAL MARKER NO. 28
PLACED BY
JAMES LENHOFF, 1960
EDITOR AND PUBLISHER
TERRITORIAL ENTERPRISE
Hevada State Historic Marker Summary
| Nevada State Historic Marker | 28 |
| Name | Mark Twain |
| Location | Virginia City, Storey County, Nevada |
| Latitude, Longititude | 39.3102, -119.6497 |
References
Charles Ferge “Seldom Seen Slim” – A Ballarat Prospector
Charles Ferge “Seldom Seen Slim” (c. 1881–1968) was one of the last of the classic “desert rats”—solitary prospectors who embodied the rugged, independent spirit of the American Southwest long after the great mining booms had ended. Known almost exclusively by his colorful nickname, he spent more than fifty years as the sole permanent resident of the ghost town of Ballarat in California’s Panamint Valley, just west of Death Valley National Park. His reclusive yet welcoming personality, famous one-liners, and stubborn adherence to a minimalist desert lifestyle made him a living legend among tourists, fellow prospectors, and readers of desert lore.
Early Life
Details of Ferge’s childhood are sparse and largely self-reported. He was born in Illinois, most sources citing October 21, 1881 (though some accounts place the year around 1888–1889 to align with reports of his age at death). He claimed to have been raised in an orphanage and stated he had “no people”—no known family or ties that followed him into adulthood. His early years remain undocumented, and he left little record of his life before the desert. By his early thirties he had drifted west, drawn like so many others to the mining districts of California and Nevada.
Arrival in Ballarat and the Solitary Years
Ferge arrived in Ballarat sometime between 1913 and 1917, when the once-thriving mining-supply town was already in steep decline. Founded in 1897 to serve silver and gold mines in the Panamint Range, Ballarat had boomed briefly with 400–500 residents, saloons, hotels, a post office, and even a jail. By 1917 the last major mines had shut down, the post office closed, and nearly everyone else moved on. Ferge stayed. He became the town’s only full-time inhabitant for the next half-century.
He lived frugally in the abandoned buildings, moving from one crumbling adobe or wooden structure to another as they deteriorated. A fire later destroyed several, forcing him to rough it before he eventually acquired a Volkswagen and a small house trailer. With no electricity or running water (the local spring had dried up due to a dropping water table), he hauled drinking water in jugs from Trona, roughly 30 miles away. He bathed only a few times a year—sometimes simply standing naked in the rain or sloshing water over himself outdoors—and once quipped that he hadn’t taken a proper bath in twenty years. His sole income came from working small mining claims in the surrounding hills, selling gold ore samples and souvenir rocks to the occasional tourists and rock hounds who ventured into the ghost town.
Despite his nickname “Seldom Seen Slim” (a nod to his solitary ways and lean build), Ferge was not entirely antisocial. He became the unofficial curator and storyteller of Ballarat. Visitors were welcomed with colorful tales of the town’s history, the mines, and desert life. He sold photos of himself and rock specimens, and his exploits were regularly featured in Harry Oliver’s Desert Rat Scrap Book, a popular pocket-sized publication that circulated his fame far beyond the Mojave.
Personality and Famous Quotes
Ferge was known for a cantankerous yet entertaining demeanor that perfectly suited the desert. When asked if the isolation ever made him lonely, he had a ready reply that became his signature line:
“Me lonely? Hell no! I’m half coyote and half wild burro.”
That quotation was later carved on his tombstone. He also joked about his burial wishes: “Just bury me where the digging’s easy.” He referred to the Panamint Valley as “the suburbs of Hell,” embracing the extreme heat, isolation, and hardship as his chosen home.
Final Years, Death, and Burial
Ferge continued his solitary routine well into his eighties. In 1968, suffering from cancer, he was taken to Trona Hospital in San Bernardino County, where he died on August 10 (some contemporary reports say August 13). He was approximately 80–87 years old, depending on the exact birth year cited. His funeral was held in Ballarat’s historic Boot Hill cemetery and even received television coverage—an ironic end for a man who had spent decades avoiding the modern world. He became the 28th and final person interred there. His grave, enclosed by an ornate iron fence with a plaque, remains a popular stop for visitors to the ghost town.
Legacy
After his death the U.S. Department of the Interior honored Ferge by naming a peak in the Panamint Mountains “Slim’s Peak.” He is remembered not as a wealthy strike-maker but as the archetype of the twentieth-century desert prospector—tough, self-reliant, and content with a life most would find unbearable. His story appears in countless books, articles, and documentaries about Death Valley and the Mojave. The ruins of Ballarat, the remnants of the jail and adobe walls, and his well-tended grave continue to draw travelers who pause to read the epitaph of the man who was half coyote, half wild burro, and entirely at home in the desert.
References
Francis Marion Smith – “Borax Smith”
Francis Marion Smith, also known as “Borax” Smith was a miner and business man who made a fortune in the hostile deserts of Nevada and California. He was born in Richmond, Wisconsin in 1846. He went to the public schools and graduated from Milton College. He left Wisconsin seeking his fortune in the American West. and set off for Nevada.
In 1872, while working as a woodcutter, he discovered a rich supply of ulexite at Teel’s Marsh, near the future townsite of Marietta, Nevada. Seeing his opportunity, Smith staked a claim started a company with his brother Julius Smith. The brothers established a borax works at the edge of the marsh to concentrate the borax crystals and separate them from dirt and other impurities.
In 1877, Scientific American reported that the Smith Brothers shipped their product in a 30-ton load using two large wagons with a third wagon for food and water drawn by a 24-mule team for 160 miles (260 km) across the Great Basin Desert from Marietta to the nearest Central Pacific Railroad siding in Wadsworth, Nevada.
Building upon his success, Smith grew his operations and purchased claims at Fish Lake and Columbus March. He bought his brothers shares in the venture in 1884. As he closed down his operations in Teel’s Marsh, Smith purchased the Harmony Borax works from William Tell Coleman who was financially over extended.
Smith then consolidated all of his mining operations with his own holdings to form the Pacific Coast Borax Company in 1890. The Pacific Coast Borax Company then established and promoted the 20-Mule-Team Borax brand and trademark.
In his later years, Francis Marion “Borax” Smith expanded his interest in railroads and charitable work in his hometown of Oakland, California.

References
Articles Tagged for Borax Smith
Borate and Daggett RailroadMore details Borate & Daggett Rail Road in Mule Canyon on way to Borate – Courtesy National Park Service, Death Valley National Park The Borate… |
Las Vegas and Tonopah RailroadThe Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad was a standard gauge railroad which operated along 197 miles between the town of Las Vegas and Goldfield, NV.… |
Tonopah and Tidewater RailroadExplorers of the Mojave Desert in southern California are bound to have heard the stories of the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad. The Tonopah and Tidewater… |
James Crysanthus Phelan – Rhyolite Shopkeeper
James Crysanthus Phelan was a business man and early pioneer of the desert southwest, who like many others followed the boom towns west. Early in his life, he owned a series of butcher shops in various towns throughout the south west, including Rhyolite. It is believed that his butcher shop was located on Golden Street across the street from the Cook Bank Building and near the Porter Brothers Store.
Biography
The automobile garage owned by James C. Phelan, and named after him, is cleverly planned, well built, and managed according to up-to-date methods. Mr. Phelan’s father, who was an honored veteran of the Union Army in our Civil War, is D. F. Phelan, and he is still living at Los Angeles.
Prior to casting his lot in the Golden State, he was a pioneer in Colorado. Mrs. Phelan, who was Annie Donahue before her marriage, is deceased. Born in the Centennial State on October 25, 1867, James C. Phelan was educated at the public schools in Colorado and New Mexico, and also, as he likes to put it, in ” the great school of experience.”
As a young man, he ventured in both the grocery and butcher business, having a store when only nineteen years of age, at Albuquerque, N. M. For fourteen years, too, his business at Williams, Arizona, was one of the most progressive and profitable establishments in that town. On September 9, 1893, Mr. Phelan was married to Miss Myrtie Dickinson, and this union was blessed with three boys and four girls, viz : Mary M., Chris E., Roy N., Jimmie J., Ruth E., Bernice L., and Leoma C, all of whom were educated in the public schools of Fresno, the two eldest studied at Heald’s Business College, while Roy N., is a student at the University of California at Berkeley.

Mr. Phelan has accepted the doctrines of the Christian Scientists, socially he finds recreation in the circles of the Woodmen of the World, the Knights of Pythias, and the Young Men’s Christian Association. In May, 1916, he built the finest and most complete auto establishment in California, spending $90,000 upon the same. He then became agent, for the San Joaquin Valley, of the Maxwell, Mitchell and Marmon automobiles, and the Kleiber and Maxwell Trucks. He employs from forty to fifty men to man the several departments, each of which is complete in itself.
When he first came to California, in 1905, he worked for three years on the Fresno ranch ; and then, getting into the automobile business in a modest way, he has made success after success. Mr. Phelan sold out in August. 1919. Mr. Phelan is a stanch Democrat, but always something more than a political partisan. In advocating and working for good roads, for example, his public-spiritedness has been particularly shown.
References
Christian Brevoort Zabriskie
Christian Brevoort Zabriskie was a vice president and general manager Pacific Coast Borax Company located in Death Valley National Park. Zabriske served the Pacific Coast Borax Company for some thirty six years, and due to this activity is honored by the naming an Zabriske Point.

Christian Brevoort Zabriskie (1864–1936) was born at Fort Bridger in the Wyoming Territory. After schooling, he worked for the Virginia & Truckee Railroad located in Carson City, Nevada. For a time, he relocated to Candelaria, Nevada at work for the Esmeralda County Bank. He briefly venture into the mortuary business with a partnership formed with a local cabinet maker. His lack of knowledge in the art of embalming was not considered a liability as burial speed was a huge priority.
In 1885, at the age of twenty one, Zabriske was hired by Francis Marion “Borax” Smith to supervise the Chinese laborer’s. These men worked for the Pacific Coast Borax Company is the Columbus Marsh located near Candelaria. During his thirty six year tenure with the Pacific Coast Borax Company, the company closed up Candelaria operations and relocated to Death Valley to increase production. The company also expanded into the Calico Mountains and Trona, California

Zabriske retired from the Pacific Coast Borax Company in 1933 as Vice President and General Manager. All of his work in Death Valley took place before the area was designated National Monument. He passed away just three years later, on February 8thm 1936 at the age of 71. He is buried in Carson City, Nevada.
Zabriske Point is named to honor the man for his many years of service to the Pacific Coast Borax Company.



