Big Bear, CA
I quiet mountain community full of back country adventure.
Samuel C Mills
Samuel C Mills (1833–1911) was a Washington, D.C.-born photographer who documented James H. Simpson’s 1858–1859 expedition across the Great Basin, including White Pine County, Nevada, capturing some of the earliest photographs of the Oregon and California Trails and Native American subjects, before transitioning to a career as a police judge and temperance advocate.
Early Life and Beginnings in Photography (1833–1856)
Samuel C Mills was born on October 8, 1833, in Washington, D.C., to John and Mary Mills. Growing up in the capital, he worked in his father’s shoe factory as a young man, gaining practical experience but showing early interest in the emerging field of photography. In 1856, at age 23, Mills joined the photography studio of Blanchard P. Paige on Pennsylvania Avenue, where he honed his skills in portraiture and wet-plate collodion photography, a complex process requiring glass negatives and immediate development.
Expedition with James H. Simpson (1858–1859)
Mills’ most notable contribution came during his role as expedition photographer for Captain James H. Simpson’s 1858–1859 survey of the Central Route across the Great Basin, including White Pine County, Nevada (as referenced in prior conversation). Hired in March 1858 at $40 per month, with Edward Jagiello as his assistant at $25 per month, Mills was tasked with documenting the expedition’s journey from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, to Camp Floyd, Utah, to map a wagon road for military and emigrant use during the Utah War.
The expedition departed on May 31, 1858, after Mills and Jagiello tested their equipment at Fort Leavenworth, producing early views of an artillery battery and three surviving photographs of the fort’s buildings. Simpson instructed Mills to capture “as many prominent scenes as possible,” including Fort Kearney, Court House Rock, Chimney Rock, Fort Laramie, and Ash Hollow, emphasizing topographical and geological features for the expedition’s report. On July 25, 1858, a team member noted Mills photographing Court House Rock, highlighting his active role.
At Camp Floyd, Mills and Jagiello set up a makeshift darkroom, producing paper prints from glass negatives, including views of the sprawling military garrison, then the largest in the U.S. Mills also photographed a Ute delegation led by Chief Arapeen on January 20–21, 1859, capturing a group portrait and a solo image of Arapeen, some of the earliest photographic records of Native Americans in the region. However, Simpson grew frustrated with Mills’ drinking habits, which impaired his duties. After multiple warnings, Simpson dismissed Mills on January 19, 1859, but reinstated him with a stern admonition following Mills’ plea for another chance. Concerns over dwindling photographic chemicals further limited Mills’ output.
The expedition returned to Washington, D.C., in September 1859, with no known photographs from the return journey, suggesting the camera was packed away. The delicate glass negatives were likely delivered to the War Department, though their ultimate fate is unknown. Mills’ employment ended upon the expedition’s conclusion, leaving behind the earliest surviving photographic record of the Oregon and California Trails.
Civil War and Transition to Law (1860–1872)
Returning to Washington, Mills resumed work at Paige’s studio, photographing soldiers as the Civil War began in 1861. In 1864, he enlisted in the Union Army as a hospital steward, serving until the war’s end in 1865. After the war, Mills returned to photography but began studying law, passing the bar in 1872. His legal career soon overshadowed his photographic work, marking a shift from his earlier artistic pursuits.
Later Life and Civic Engagement (1872–1911)
In 1872, Mills was appointed a police judge in Washington, D.C., a position he held for the rest of his career. His experiences with alcohol during the Simpson expedition may have influenced his commitment to temperance, leading him to found the Sons of Jonadab, a temperance organization. Mills was also an active member of the Grand Army of the Republic, a Union veterans’ group, and the Masonic Order, reflecting his civic engagement. He died on October 7, 1911, and was buried in Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C.
Legacy
Samuel C Mills is best remembered for his 1858–1859 photographs, which provide a rare visual record of the Oregon and California Trails and early Great Basin exploration. His work with Simpson’s expedition, despite challenges with alcohol and limited supplies, captured key landmarks and Native American subjects, contributing to the historical documentation of White Pine County and the broader American West. While his later career in law overshadowed his photography, Mills’ images remain a valuable resource for historians studying 19th-century exploration and frontier life.
Sources
- Encyclopedia, Samuel C. Mills, amp.blog.shops-net.com.
- Western Mining History, White Pine County, Nevada.
- Report of Explorations across the Great Basin in 1859 by James H. Simpson (University of Nevada Press, 1983).
James Hervey Simpson
James Hervey Simpson (1813–1883) was a U.S. Army topographical engineer whose 1859 survey of the Central Route across the Great Basin, including White Pine County, Nevada, facilitated mail, stage, and telegraph lines, laying the groundwork for the region’s mining development.
Early Life and Military Beginnings (1813–1838)
James Hervey Simpson was born on March 9, 1813, in New Brunswick, New Jersey, to John Simpson and Mary Brunson. He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1832, ranking 27th in his class, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Artillery. Simpson served in the Second Seminole War in Florida, earning a promotion to first lieutenant in 1837. In 1838, he transferred to the newly formed U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers, a specialized unit tasked with mapping and infrastructure development, setting the stage for his later contributions in the American West.
Early Western Expeditions (1849–1858)
Simpson’s first major Western expedition came in 1849, when he surveyed a road from Fort Smith, Arkansas, to Santa Fe, New Mexico, under Colonel John James Abert. During this expedition, he also participated in a punitive raid against the Navajo, collaborating with artists Edward and Richard Kern to document the journey through watercolors, oils, and maps. From 1849 to 1850, he served as Chief Topographical Engineer for the Ninth Military Department in Santa Fe. After a six-month sick leave, Simpson was assigned to Minnesota from 1851 to 1856, overseeing road improvements, and was promoted to captain in 1853. Between 1856 and 1858, he worked on coastal surveys in Florida, honing his skills in precise mapping and engineering.
Exploration of White Pine County and the Central Route (1858–1859)
Simpson’s most significant contribution to White Pine County, Nevada, occurred during his 1858–1859 expedition to survey a wagon road across the Great Basin, known as the Central Route. Ordered to support the Utah War, Simpson arrived at Camp Floyd, Utah, in August 1858. On October 19, he began a preliminary reconnaissance into the Great Salt Lake Desert, followed by a major expedition starting May 2, 1859, with 64 men, including photographer Samuel C. Mills, who produced some of the earliest photographs of the region’s features. The expedition aimed to establish a shorter, more efficient route from Camp Floyd to Fort Bridger and onward to California, passing through what would later become White Pine County.
Simpson’s Central Route traversed the Great Basin, including areas near present-day Ely, Nevada, and mapped key landmarks such as the Simpson Park Mountains, named in his honor. His meticulous surveys identified water sources, grazing areas, and viable paths, making the route viable for mail, freight, and passenger transport. In White Pine County, the route crossed the Egan Range and Steptoe Valley, areas later integral to the region’s mining economy. The 1859 Report of Explorations across the Great Basin, published in 1876, detailed his findings, including geological observations, topographical maps, and notes on Native American tribes. This work established the Central Route as a critical artery, adopted by George Chorpenning’s mail and stage line, the Pony Express in 1860, and the Transcontinental Telegraph in 1861, until the Transcontinental Railroad rendered it obsolete in 1869.
Role in White Pine County’s Development
While Simpson’s work predated the major mining booms in White Pine County (e.g., Ward in 1872, Taylor in 1873, and Osceola in 1872, as noted in prior conversations), his Central Route laid the groundwork for later economic development. The route facilitated access to the region, enabling prospectors and settlers to reach the remote mining districts. The Simpson Springs Pony Express Station, located in Utah but part of his surveyed path, underscores his influence on regional connectivity. His surveys also provided early documentation of White Pine County’s terrain, which later supported the Nevada Northern Railway’s expansion under Mark Requa (as discussed in prior conversation), connecting Ely’s copper mines to national markets after 1906.
Civil War and Later Career (1861–1883)
During the Civil War, Simpson served as colonel of the 4th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry and was captured at the Battle of Gaines’s Mill in 1862. After being paroled, he resigned his volunteer commission and reverted to his regular rank of major in the Corps of Topographical Engineers. He was assigned to the Department of the Ohio, overseeing fortifications in Cincinnati. In 1865, he was brevetted lieutenant colonel and colonel for meritorious service. After the war, Simpson was promoted to major in 1863 and served as chief engineer of the Interior Department, overseeing infrastructure projects, including aspects of the Transcontinental Railroad’s construction, which ultimately superseded his Central Route. He retired to St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1880 and died there on March 2, 1883, at age 69.
Legacy in White Pine County
Simpson’s legacy in White Pine County lies in his pioneering survey of the Central Route, which enhanced accessibility and set the stage for the region’s mining boom. The Simpson Park Mountains in central Nevada, the Simpson Mountains in Utah, and Simpson Springs Pony Express Station bear his name, reflecting his lasting impact. His 1859 expedition reports, enriched with Kern brothers’ artwork and Mills’ photographs, remain valuable historical records of the Great Basin’s geography and Native American cultures. While the Nevada Northern Railway, established later by Mark Requa, became the region’s primary transportation artery, Simpson’s earlier work provided critical groundwork for White Pine County’s integration into national trade and communication networks.
Conclusion
James Hervey Simpson’s contributions to White Pine County, though less celebrated than those of later figures like Mark Requa, were foundational to its development. His 1859 survey of the Central Route opened the Great Basin to reliable travel and commerce, enabling the mining booms that defined White Pine County’s history. As a topographical engineer, Simpson combined scientific precision with practical vision, leaving a legacy preserved in place names, historical records, and the region’s enduring connectivity to the broader American West.
Sources
- Navajo Expedition: Journal of a Military Reconnaissance from Santa Fe, New Mexico to the Navajo Country, Made in 1849 by James H. Simpson, edited by Durwood Ball and Frank McNitt (University of Oklahoma Press, 2003).
- Report of Explorations across the Great Basin in 1859 by James H. Simpson (University of Nevada Press, 1983).
- Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. IX, p. 179.
- Utah Place Names by J.W. Van Cott (University of Utah Press, 1990).
- Nevada State Historical Markers, White Pine County.
Mark Lawrence Requa
Mark Lawrence Requa was born on December 25, 1866, in Virginia City, Nevada, to Isaac Lawrence Requa and Sarah J. (Mower) Requa. His father, a prominent mine owner, provided Mark with a foundation in the mining industry that shaped his career. Educated at private schools and spending three years at Yale University, Requa developed a keen understanding of engineering and business. By his early twenties, he was immersed in Nevada’s mining landscape, leveraging his father’s legacy and his own ambition to make a mark in the industry.
Entry into White Pine County (1902–1904)
Requa’s significant involvement in White Pine County began in 1902, when he recognized the potential of large porphyry copper deposits near Ely, Nevada. As president of the Eureka & Palisade Railroad, a narrow-gauge line in central Nevada, Requa was well-positioned to expand his influence. He purchased two of the region’s largest copper mines, including the Robinson Mine in the Robinson Mining District, seven miles west of Ely. To develop these properties, he organized the White Pine Copper Company in 1903, consolidating 19 claims across 304 acres, including the pivotal Ruth claim named after D.C. McDonald’s daughter. His vision was to transform White Pine County into a major copper-producing hub, but the region’s isolation necessitated robust transportation infrastructure.
Founding the Nevada Northern Railway (1904–1906)
Recognizing that rail access was critical to exploiting White Pine County’s copper reserves, Requa spearheaded the creation of the Nevada Northern Railway. Initially, he considered extending the Eureka & Palisade Railroad, but surveys determined that a standard-gauge line from Ely to the Southern Pacific Railroad at Cobre, 140 miles north, was more cost-effective. In 1904, Requa merged his Ely-area copper properties into the Nevada Consolidated Copper Company, further solidifying his control. On June 1, 1905, he incorporated the Nevada Northern Railway to connect the mines and a planned smelter to the national rail network.
Construction, managed by the Utah Construction Company, began on September 11, 1905, from Cobre southward to Ely. Requa’s leadership ensured the project’s rapid completion, and on September 29, 1906, he drove a symbolic copper spike in Ely, marking the railway’s completion during a two-day celebration dubbed Railroad Day. A grand ball was held in the unfinished Northern building, reflecting the community’s enthusiasm. The railway’s “Ore Line,” constructed in 1907–1908, extended west to the Ruth mines and east to a new smelter at McGill, becoming the busiest segment, handling dozens of daily ore trains.
Economic and Regional Impact (1906–1910s)
Requa’s efforts catalyzed White Pine County’s economic boom, transforming Ely into a regional hub. The Nevada Northern Railway enabled the efficient transport of copper, with the Nevada Consolidated Copper Company managing an estimated 26 million tons of copper reserves. Requa’s strategic foresight attracted Eastern capital, ensuring the financial backing needed for the railway and smelter at McGill. His work elevated White Pine County to Nevada’s most productive mining and smelting region for nearly half a century, with open-pit mines at Ruth and Kimberly and the McGill smelter driving economic growth. Requa’s influence extended beyond infrastructure; he shaped the region’s industrial landscape, fostering jobs and community development.
Later Career and National Roles (1910s–1937)
While Requa’s primary impact in White Pine County was through the Nevada Northern Railway and Nevada Consolidated, his career extended nationally. From 1917 to 1920, he served as vice president of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. During World War I, he assisted Herbert C. Hoover as a food administrator (June 1917–January 1918) and led the oil division of the U.S. Fuel Administration (January 1918–June 1919), chairing a commission on petroleum standardization. Requa also engaged in California’s oil industry, chairing the valuation committee of the Independent Oil Producers Agency in 1915. Politically active, he led California’s delegation to the Republican National Convention in 1928 and served on the Republican National Committee from 1931. He authored works such as Relation of Government to Industry and the novel Grubstake, reflecting his intellectual contributions to industry and policy.
Legacy in White Pine County
Mark Requa’s legacy in White Pine County is indelible. The Nevada Northern Railway, a cornerstone of his vision, facilitated the region’s copper industry, connecting Ely, Ruth, and McGill to national markets. After Kennecott Copper Corporation acquired Nevada Consolidated in 1933, the railway operated until 1983, when declining copper prices halted operations. In 1986, the railway’s Ore Line and East Ely facilities were donated to the White Pine Historical Railroad Foundation, becoming the Nevada Northern Railway Museum. The East Ely shops, designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006, preserve Requa’s contributions, offering excursion trains that highlight the region’s mining heritage. Requa is also recognized among White Pine County’s historic figures, with his name tied to 22 National Register of Historic Places listings, including the railway’s infrastructure.
Personal Life and Death
Requa, described as a man of “large stature, vision, and energy,” was a driving force in Nevada’s mining industry. He died on March 6, 1937, leaving a legacy of innovation and economic development. His contributions are commemorated in White Pine County’s historical narrative, particularly through the preserved Nevada Northern Railway.
Conclusion
Mark Requa’s transformative impact on White Pine County lies in his strategic development of the Nevada Northern Railway and the Nevada Consolidated Copper Company. By linking the region’s copper resources to national markets, he turned Ely into a mining powerhouse, shaping the county’s economy for decades. His broader career in mining, oil, and public service underscores his multifaceted influence, but his role as White Pine County’s “hero” in its copper-driven “melodrama” remains his most enduring achievement.
Sources
- Nevada Northern & Railroads of White Pine County, Keith Albrandt, http://history.nevadanorthernrailway.net.
- Romancing Nevada’s Past: Ghost Towns and Historic Sites of Eureka, Lander, and White Pine Counties by Shawn Hall (University of Nevada Press, 1994).
- Ely: A Play in Three Acts by Sunny Martin, Great Basin Heritage Area, www.greatbasinheritage.org.
- Nevada State Historical Markers, White Pine County.
- National Register of Historic Places, White Pine County, www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com.
- Mark Lawrence Requa, Prabook World Biographical Encyclopedia, www.prabook.com.
- Nevada Northern Railway, Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org.
- Kennecott Nevada Mines Division, utahrails.net.
- White Pine County, Online Nevada Encyclopedia, www.onlinenevada.org.
Kennedy Meadows Campground – Inyo National Forest
Kennedy Meadows Campground is a scenic, remote campground in the Inyo National Forest, situated in the Kern Plateau region of the southern Sierra Nevada in California. Located near Pearsonville, it serves as a popular gateway for outdoor enthusiasts, particularly Pacific Crest Trail (PCT) hikers.
Location and Access
The campground sits at an elevation of approximately 6,100 feet (1,859 m) along the banks of the South Fork of the Kern River. It is reached by exiting US Highway 395 near Pearsonville (north of Ridgecrest) and driving west approximately 25 miles on the paved Nine Mile Canyon Road. The drive transitions from high desert into the forested hills of the Kern Plateau.
Campground Features
- 37 campsites scattered among juniper and pinyon pine trees, with several sites (typically 28–37) located directly along the river.
- Sites accommodate tents, trailers, and RVs up to about 30 feet.
- Each site includes a picnic table, fire ring/grate, and access to vault toilets.
- It operates on a first-come, first-served basis (no reservations) and is generally open year-round, though snow can limit access from November through March.
- A small general store and pack station (Kennedy Meadows Resort) are nearby, making it a key resupply point for long-distance hikers.
The campground offers a high-desert to montane feel, with hot summers (often reaching the 90s°F) and cooler evenings. It is especially popular in late spring through fall. Activities include fishing the South Fork Kern River (home to native California Golden Trout), hiking, horseback riding, and exploring nearby wilderness areas.
Surrounding Wilderness
Kennedy Meadows is surrounded by three wilderness areas:
- South Sierra Wilderness
- Golden Trout Wilderness
- Domeland Wilderness
This makes it an excellent base for backpacking, day hikes, and stock (horse/pack animal) trips.
NOTE: The campground is physically in the Inyo National Forest, but is administered by the Sequoia National Forest. It is also known as Kennedy Meadows campground.
Kennedy Meadors
Kennedy Meadows is a scenic high-elevation mountain community and popular recreational destination in the Sierra Nevada of California. There are actually two notable places with this name, but the most well-known is the Kennedy Meadows Resort area in Tuolumne County along Highway 108 (Sonora Pass).
Location and Setting
Kennedy Meadows sits nestled at approximately 6,200–6,500 feet elevation in the Stanislaus National Forest, about 58–60 miles east of Sonora. It lies along the Middle Fork of the Stanislaus River, surrounded by lush meadows, dense pine forests, granite outcrops, and dramatic mountain peaks. The area is accessible via scenic Highway 108, though the road typically closes in winter due to heavy snow.
History
The area was first settled in the late 1800s by Thomas Kennedy (and his brother), who used it as a rest stop and grazing land for travelers crossing the Sierra. A historic cabin from that era still stands. The resort itself dates back over a century, with the original lodge built in 1917. It has long served as a hub for ranching, packing, and mountain recreation.
The Kern Plateau
The Kern Plateau is a distinctive landscape at the southern end of the Sierra Nevada, characterized by vast, gently rolling forest-covered hills and mountains interspersed with lush green meadows. Unlike the sharply glaciated, rugged high Sierra to the north, the Kern Plateau features smoother terrain because it largely escaped glaciation.
This high-elevation plateau (generally 6,000–10,000+ feet) offers open, accessible country ideal for stock users, hikers, and anglers. It is renowned for:
- Abundant meadows and water sources.
- Home to California’s state fish, the California Golden Trout, which thrive in Golden Trout Creek and the South Fork Kern River.
- Expansive views from peaks like Kern Peak (11,443 ft).
- A mix of pinyon-juniper woodlands at lower elevations transitioning to pine forests higher up.
The plateau provides a peaceful contrast to busier Sierra destinations, with excellent opportunities for fishing, hunting, horseback riding, and solitude in the surrounding wilderness areas.
Overall, Kennedy Meadows Campground is a favorite for those seeking a remote, beautiful high-country experience with easy access to trails, riverfront camping, and the unique ecology of the Kern Plateau. Always check current conditions with Inyo National Forest for road status, fire restrictions, and availability.
Pumice Flat Campground – Inyo National Forest
Pumice Flat Campground is a scenic, first-come, first-served campground in the Reds Meadow Valley area of Inyo National Forest, near Mammoth Lakes, California. It sits at an elevation of about 7,700 feet in a lodgepole pine forest, surrounded by high mountain peaks and adjacent to two creeks and the Middle Fork of the San Joaquin River.
The campground offers a peaceful, nature-immersed base for exploring the eastern Sierra Nevada, with easy access to Devils Postpile National Monument, Rainbow Falls, the Ansel Adams Wilderness, the Pacific Crest Trail, and John Muir Trail. It is popular with fishermen, families, hikers, and those seeking geologic wonders and stunning landscapes. The area is known for its dramatic volcanic features, meadows, wildflowers in season, and proximity to trailheads (about 20–40 minutes from central Mammoth Lakes, depending on the exact point).
Access is via a narrow, single-lane road (Red’s Meadow Road off Highway 203) that is only open in summer, typically mid-June through early September, though conditions can vary due to snow. A forest service access/amenity fee often applies for driving into the valley.
Amenities
- Campsites: 17 individual sites (plus separate group sites nearby that accommodate 20–50 people each). Sites are generally private and well-spaced, with picnic tables and fire rings.
- Bear Safety: Bear-proof food lockers at each site and bear-proof trash receptacles (highly recommended/required due to active bear activity). All food, trash, and scented items must be stored properly.
- Restrooms: Flush toilets.
- Water: Potable drinking water available.
- Other: No hookups (dry camping); some firewood may be available. Generator hours typically limited (e.g., 6am–10pm in some descriptions). Pets allowed but must be leashed. Quiet hours 10pm–6am.
- Group Sites: Separate group camping area with large fire rings, tables, and parking for multiple vehicles.
Note: The campground may be affected by road reconstruction or seasonal closures—check current conditions.
Activities
- Fishing: Excellent trout fishing in the San Joaquin River, nearby creeks, and lakes. Popular with anglers.
- Hiking & Backpacking: Direct access to numerous trails, including those leading to Devils Postpile, Rainbow Falls (via a scenic loop), Ansel Adams Wilderness, Pacific Crest Trail, and John Muir Trail. A shuttle often serves trailheads.
- Horseback Riding: Nearby Reds Meadow Pack Station offers rides and access to wilderness areas.
- Photography & Sightseeing: Stunning geologic features, volcanic landscapes, meadows, waterfalls, and mountain vistas (ideal for capturing dramatic Sierra scenery).
- Wildlife Viewing & Nature Study: Abundant opportunities in the surrounding forest and meadows.
- Other: Picnicking, stargazing (high elevation, dark skies), and exploring nearby attractions like Devils Postpile National Monument and Rainbow Falls.
Mosquitoes can be plentiful in early to mid-summer, so come prepared. High elevation means potential for cooler nights and altitude awareness.
Wildlife in the Area
The eastern Sierra Nevada around Pumice Flat supports diverse wildlife typical of high-elevation pine forests and meadows:
- Mammals: Black bears (very active—proper food storage is essential), mule deer, mountain lions, pine martens, and pikas.
- Birds: Various songbirds and raptors common to the Sierra.
- Fish: Trout species in the rivers and lakes.
- Other: Occasional smaller mammals and insects; the area is rich in biodiversity due to its mix of forest, water, and alpine environments.
Always practice wildlife safety: maintain distance, never feed animals, and store food securely.
This campground provides a classic Sierra experience with convenient access to world-class natural attractions while maintaining a quieter, more intimate feel than some larger sites. For the latest details, reservations (where applicable for groups), fees, or conditions, check Recreation.gov or the Inyo National Forest website.
Reds Meadow
Reds Meadow (also known as Reds Meadow Valley or Red’s Meadow) is a stunning high-country destination in Inyo National Forest, located on the western side of Mammoth Mountain near Mammoth Lakes, California. Situated at approximately 7,500–7,700 feet elevation in the San Joaquin River Valley, it offers a mix of dramatic geological features, lush meadows, towering pine forests, crystal-clear streams, and access to world-class wilderness.
It is best known as the gateway to Devils Postpile National Monument (with its iconic 60-foot columnar basalt formations) and the 101-foot Rainbow Falls, along with trails into the Ansel Adams Wilderness, Pacific Crest Trail (PCT), and John Muir Trail (JMT). The area provides a peaceful, immersive Sierra Nevada experience with opportunities for day trips or extended stays, about 30–45 minutes from central Mammoth Lakes via a scenic (and sometimes winding) road.
Access is primarily via the Reds Meadow/Devils Postpile Shuttle bus during peak summer months (typically late June to mid-September), as private vehicle restrictions often apply to reduce congestion and protect the area. Overnight campers, resort guests, and certain exceptions can drive in (an amenity fee usually applies). Note that road conditions and construction projects may affect access—check current updates before visiting.